Restoring ZSM-5 performance for catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass: Effect of regeneration temperature

Zeolite catalysts used for biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) deactivate rapidly, similar to a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst used in refining. To operate effectively when there is rapid deactivation, biomass CFP can take place in a riser FCC-style reactor in which the catalyst has a short contact time (seconds) with reactants before it is regenerated. The regeneration, therefore, has two major needs for effective operation: 1) heat balance, since the heat required for the CFP reactions is brought into the reactor by the hot catalyst and 2) relatively short (minutes) regeneration to restore the catalyst activity to be near its initial state. In order to understand effective conditions to regenerate zeolites used for CFP, a series of experiments were performed to determine the effect of regeneration temperature on the activity of ZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 30). After use for pine pyrolysis vapor upgrading, the catalyst was oxidized in 4% O-2 at temperatures between 500-700 degrees C and reevaluated for the upgrading of pine pyrolysis vapors to assess the extent of regeneration. Additional testing was performed using ethylene aromatization as a surrogate reaction to probe regeneration efficiency. Regeneration experiments were performed for either a fixed length of time (20 min) or until there was no further CO2 measured in the effluent gas. Results from the ethylene aromatization reactions were shown to serve as an excellent surrogate for CFP reactivity and indicated that the use of model compound studies can effectively be used to understand reaction and regeneration processes from biomass CFP. Both sets of results indicate that a spent ZSM-5 used for biomass CFP could be fully regenerated at 650 degrees C and 700 degrees C within 20 min, whereas regeneration temperatures of 550 degrees C and 600 degrees C required longer regeneration temperatures and in the case of regeneration at 500 degrees C, there may be coke species that are not removed and the catalyst activity may never be fully restored. Characterization by pyridine diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectroscopy, and N-2 physisorption showed that higher regeneration temperatures are more effective for restoring Bronsted acid sites and catalyst mesoporosity by rapidly removing aromatic coke deposits. Additionally, regeneration at 650 degrees C and 700 degrees C led to a slightly higher total porosity as compared to the pristine catalyst, which was attributed to the formation of additional mesoporosity from catalyst steaming.