Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiangdong Meng, Lihua Jiang, Qiangling Duan, Shuping Wang, Peiyu Duan, Zesen Wei, Lin Zhang, Zhuangzhuang Jia, Kaiqiang Jin, Qingsong Wang
Summary: Nowadays, there is a high demand for an effective and clean extinguishing agent or technology to combat lithium-ion battery fires. This study systematically investigates the physicochemical properties and extinguishing effects of various extinguishing agents on lithium iron phosphate battery fires. The performance is evaluated based on thermal runaway and toxicity suppression, cooling and extinguishing efficiency. Different extinguishing agents, such as C6F12O, water mist, F-500, and FireIce, exhibit varying levels of performance in terms of heat absorption, cooling, and inhibition of free radicals. In the future, there is a need for a novel fire extinguishing agent with high heat capacity, excellent extinguishing performance, low toxicity, and insulating properties for lithium-ion battery fires.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Applied
Shuai Yuan, Chongye Chang, Shuaishuai Yan, Pan Zhou, Xinming Qian, Mengqi Yuan, Kai Liu
Summary: The safety issues of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) pose a significant challenge for their large-scale applications, with the possibility of fires significantly increasing due to the increased energy density. An efficient fire-suppressing agent, particularly designed for LIBs, is highly desirable, with water-based fire-extinguishing agents showing the best performance in comprehensive comparison.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Huanli Sun, Lin Zhang, Qiangling Duan, Shuyang Wang, Shijie Sun, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang
Summary: This study investigates the suppression effects of different extinguishing agents, including HFC-227ea, C6F12O, and water spray, on thermal runaway propagation in a confined space. The results show that water spray has the best cooling effect and can prevent thermal runaway propagation.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Lin Zhang, Kaiqiang Jin, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang
Summary: The susceptibility of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to fire and explosion under extreme conditions is a significant challenge for their large-scale application. However, the current fire-extinguishing agents are not satisfactory in suppressing LIBs fire due to the unique combustion characteristics. This review provides an overview of the origin and behavior of LIBs fire and discusses the selection of typical fire-extinguishing agents for LIBs, as well as novel fire suppression strategies.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Kuo Wang, Dongxu Ouyang, Xinming Qian, Shuai Yuan, Chongye Chang, Jianqi Zhang, Yifan Liu
Summary: This paper comprehensively reviews the severity of thermal runaway hazards in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) under abusive conditions, which can lead to fires and explosions. The paper discusses the reaction mechanism and hazards of LIBs, summarizes early warning and monitoring methods including acoustic, heat, force, electricity, and gas aspects, and presents efficient extinguishing agents. Finally, the paper proposes early warning technology and fire extinguishing agents, providing a reference for hazard prevention and control in energy storage systems.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Sheng Lei, Ziqi Zeng, Yuanke Wu, Mengchuang Liu, Shijie Cheng, Jia Xie
Summary: By introducing two flame retardants with high and low vapor pressure into the carbonate electrolyte, a non-flammable electrolyte with biphasic fire extinguishing capability is obtained. The electrolyte maintains excellent electrochemical performance and effectively suppresses the combustion of flammable gases and liquid electrolytes. This work provides a promising strategy for designing advanced non-flammable electrolytes for safe lithium-ion batteries.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Antonio Garcia, Javier Monsalve-Serrano, Rafael Lago Sari, Santiago Martinez-Boggio
Summary: This study investigates the thermal runaway process caused by thermal abuse using various optical techniques with a Samsung ICR 18,650 - 26 J cylindrical battery cell. The results show that venting of electrolyte and gases occurs around 200 degrees C, with a safety time of about 3 minutes between venting and fire, inversely related to the heating ramp. Fast cameras helped to understand the phenomena of venting and combustion process in detail.
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Antonio Garcia, Javier Monsalve-Serrano, Rafael Lago Sari, Santiago Martinez-Boggio
Summary: Thermal runaway is a major concern in battery electric vehicles, and the use of inert atmosphere can help prevent it, but there is still insufficient understanding of the combustion process.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuping Wang, Laifeng Song, Changhao Li, Jiamin Tian, Kaiqiang Jin, Qiangling Duan, Qingsong Wang
Summary: This study analyzed the gas production and flame behavior of a large capacity lithium iron phosphate battery under different state of charge (SOC), and comprehensively analyzed the surface temperature, voltage, and mass loss during thermal runaway. The study found that the thermal runaway process can be divided into four stages and that the TR temperature is greatly affected by the SOC. The findings of this study provide valuable insight for the safety design and risk reduction of batteries.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zonghou Huang, Yin Yu, Qiangling Duan, Peng Qin, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang
Summary: The study systematically investigated the thermal runaway propagation mechanism inside lithium iron phosphate batteries under different heating modes. The results showed that different heating positions have varying effects on temperature, jet velocity, mass loss, and internal thermal runaway propagation velocity of the batteries.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yue Zhang, Depeng Kong, Ping Ping, Hengle Zhao, Xinyi Dai, Xiaotong Chen
Summary: The study found that in top-confined space, the heat flux of fire significantly increases, and the temperature and back surface temperature growth rate are higher in the early stage of thermal runaway. The fire extension length consists of three main stages, and there is a correlation between plate height and extension length.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Rongchao Zhao, Zhaodan Lai, Weihua Li, Ming Ye, Shanhu Yu
Summary: Most current models for battery thermal runaway only consider the heat generated inside the battery cell and neglect the effects of jet fire, which hinders the evaluation of thermal runaway propagation in a battery pack. This study proposes a coupled model that takes into account both the heat generation inside the battery and the jet fire outside during thermal runaway, providing a more accurate assessment of the thermal hazard. Experimental and simulation activities are conducted to validate the model's performance.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Marcel Held, Martin Tuchschmid, Markus Zennegg, Renato Figi, Claudia Schreiner, Lars Derek Mellert, Urs Welte, Michael Kompatscher, Michael Hermann, Lea Nachef
Summary: This study conducts practical experiments to assess the risks of thermal runaway and fire caused by electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries. It identifies and quantifies the soot depositions and contamination caused by the batteries, which mainly consist of metal oxides, lithium compounds, and fluoride compounds. The study also analyzes the necessary extent of decontamination through the analysis of sprinkling and cooling water.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Kaiyu Zou, Qian Li, Shouxiang Lu
Summary: This study investigates the thermal runaway and fire behaviors of 78 Ah LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 pouch batteries under different incident heat fluxes. The results show that the heat released from the cathode can be ignored, and there is a correlation between the time to ignition and the incident heat flux. Additionally, a flame centerline temperature distribution model is established, providing insights for thermal protection and evaluation.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Sungwook Kang, Minjae Kwon, Joung Yoon Choi, Sengkwan Choi
Summary: The fire safety of electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIB) due to the occurrence of thermal runaway needs further investigation. This study conducted full-scale fire experiments to understand the thermal behaviors of battery electric vehicle (BEV) fires. The combustion of BEV fires lasted approximately 70 minutes, and key measures including peak heat release rate, total heat released, fire growth parameter, and the average effective heat of combustion were determined.
Article
Thermodynamics
Zonghou Huang, Ting Shen, Kaiqiang Jin, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang
Summary: The study found that heating power has a more significant impact on the thermal runaway behavior of batteries under overheating conditions, with the peak heat release rate increasing with heating power. The severity of thermal runaway deteriorates rapidly with increasing heating power, and thermal runaway induced by higher heating power requires less input thermal energy.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zesen Wei, Chen Liang, Lihua Jiang, Linjun Wang, Siyuan Cheng, Qingkui Peng, Lei Feng, Wenhua Zhang, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang
Summary: This study focuses on the secondary particles of different Li(NixCoyMnz)O-2 cathodes, investigating the formation and condensation of oxygen vacancies on the surface, as well as the concentration distribution of oxygen vacancies inside the particles after thermal failure. The results show that increasing the Ni content promotes the diffusion of oxygen vacancies from the surface to the bulk, leading to an increase in oxygen vacancy concentration and the release of more oxygen. When the Ni content reaches 0.8, both the surface layer and bulk of the secondary particles exhibit high oxygen vacancy concentrations, resulting in overall failure. Furthermore, the formation and evolution of intergranular cracks inside the secondary particles depend on the oxygen vacancy concentration gradient.
ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Pengjie Liu, Shi Li, Kaiqiang Jin, Weidong Fu, Chengdong Wang, Zhuangzhuang Jia, Lihua Jiang, Qingsong Wang
Summary: This study comprehensively investigates the thermal runaway and fire behaviors of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). By conducting tests triggered by overheating and overcharging, the relationship between thermal runaway and fire behaviors is explored. The findings indicate that batteries burn more violently and have higher fire risks during overcharging compared to overheating.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Yawen Li, Lihua Jiang, Zonghou Huang, Zhuangzhuang Jia, Peng Qin, Qingsong Wang
Summary: In this study, a special test platform was designed to investigate the effect of low pressure on the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. The results showed that with increasing pressure, the onset temperature, maximum temperature, and pressure of thermal runaway increased, while the voltage drop time was delayed. Moreover, it was found that thermal runaway was more likely to occur but with less hazard at lower pressure.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Lin Zhang, Fumeng Ye, Yongqi Li, Man Chen, Xiangdong Meng, Jiajia Xu, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang
Summary: This study investigates the fire suppression of battery modules in energy storage stations. The thermal runaway process of a single cell is found to have four stages, with an incubation period in the second stage suitable for early warning and fire extinguishing. It is also discovered that thermal runaway propagation in battery modules is more aggressive and risky than in single cells. Furthermore, the fire extinguishing agent C6F12O exhibits good suppression and cooling effects in inhibiting thermal runaway propagation in battery modules.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Siyuan Cheng, Yuhang Hu, Lihua Jiang, Hongbin Dang, Yibin Ding, Qiangling Duan, Huahua Xiao, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang
Summary: In this study, the thermal stability of the semi-solid lithium slurry battery material system was investigated for the first time. The results showed a lower heat generation compared to traditional lithium-ion battery, while maintaining similar electrochemical performance. The mechanism of cycle heat generation was explained through the HPPC test. The study provides a preliminary evaluation on the safety and cycling stability of the semi-solid lithium slurry battery.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Chuang Liang, Kaiqiang Jin, Pengjie Liu, Chengdong Wang, Jiajia Xu, Huang Li, Qingsong Wang
Summary: Currently, lithium-ion batteries have excellent performance but still pose significant fire and explosion risks. Therefore, fire extinguishing is crucial, and the performance of the fire extinguishing device determines the effectiveness. This study developed a plunger-type perfluorohexanone fire extinguishing device with improved key components. The device's fire extinguishing efficiency and environmental adaptability were verified using a 271 Ah lithium iron phosphate battery in extreme environments. The results showed good fire extinguishing efficiency and environmental adaptability, with no re-ignition and the safety valves remaining closed.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Laifeng Song, Zonghou Huang, Wenxin Mei, Zhuangzhuang Jia, Yin Yu, Qingsong Wang, Kaiqiang Jin
Summary: This work systematically investigates the thermal runaway propagation (TRP) behavior of 280 Ah LFP batteries with different state of charges (SOCs). The results show that TRP only occurs in the module with 100% SOC, attributed to its higher internal energy and heat transfer power. The TRP time interval fluctuates from 667 s to 1305 s, and the TRP speed ranges from 0.05-0.12 mm/s. The energy flow distribution indicates that more than 75% of the energy is used to heat the battery itself, and less than 10% can trigger neighboring batteries into thermal runaway.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lin Zhang, Qiangling Duan, Jiajia Xu, Xiangdong Meng, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang
Summary: This study investigated a strategy for suppressing thermal runaway (TR) propagation in lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules using intermittent spray. The results showed that appropriate suppression measures during the propagation stage can effectively mitigate or prevent TR propagation. The suppression capability is not only determined by the total heat dissipation, but also by the cooling power during the suppression stage. Based on the findings, a novel TR propagation suppression strategy combining two intermittent spray modes can quickly extinguish the fire, accelerate the cooling process, and prevent TR propagation.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Shuping Wang, Tangqin Wu, Heng Xie, Changhao Li, Jiaqing Zhang, Lihua Jiang, Qingsong Wang
Summary: This study investigates the thermal response of lithium ion batteries under different operating current and ambient temperature conditions. Results show that increasing current leads to higher heat generation rates and decreased discharge capacity, while increasing temperature reduces heat generation and increases both charge and discharge capacity. Additionally, the heat generation during constant voltage charging is higher than that during constant current charging.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Binbin Mao, Conner Fear, Haodong Chen, Hanwei Zhou, Chunpeng Zhao, Partha P. Mukherjee, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang
Summary: Gas generation and rupture are the distinct features of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries. This study investigates the gas generation dynamics of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway using an extended-volume accelerating rate calorimeter and a gas-tight canister. The pressure inside the canister is measured, and the internal gas is treated as a lumped system before the thermal runaway occurs. The gas generation rate is found to be proportional to the temperature increase rate, which enables the simulation of gas generation process based on temperature measurements. Multi-stage kinetics parameters are calculated to predict the evolution of internal pressure and rupture behavior of lithium-ion batteries under external heating conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lihua Jiang, Yuan Cheng, Shuping Wang, Yifeng Cheng, Kaiqiang Jin, Jinhua Sun, Martin Winter, Isidora Cekic-Laskovic, Qingsong Wang
Summary: A new nonaqueous aprotic electrolyte is designed using LiODFB as conducting salt, DEEP as solvent, and FEC as co-solvent to achieve a nonflammable electrolyte with excellent electrochemical performance. The optimized electrolyte exhibits stable cycling performance and reduces heat generation during thermal decomposition. This study provides a reference for the design of safe, nonflammable electrolytes for lithium-based batteries.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Junjie Wang, Wenxin Mei, Binbin Mao, Qingsong Wang
Summary: This paper designs a novel thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries by combining phase change material and liquid cooling, which effectively controls the temperature within the desired range and improves cycling performance. Experimental results show that the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the coupled system are significantly lower than the blank control system, indicating the superiority of the proposed system. An electric-thermal model is proposed to optimize the coolant flow and inlet temperature, ensuring efficient cooling while reducing unnecessary energy consumption. The proposed system has the potential to be applied to other types of batteries for thermal management.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiangdong Meng, Lihua Jiang, Qiangling Duan, Shuping Wang, Peiyu Duan, Zesen Wei, Lin Zhang, Zhuangzhuang Jia, Kaiqiang Jin, Qingsong Wang
Summary: Nowadays, there is a high demand for an effective and clean extinguishing agent or technology to combat lithium-ion battery fires. This study systematically investigates the physicochemical properties and extinguishing effects of various extinguishing agents on lithium iron phosphate battery fires. The performance is evaluated based on thermal runaway and toxicity suppression, cooling and extinguishing efficiency. Different extinguishing agents, such as C6F12O, water mist, F-500, and FireIce, exhibit varying levels of performance in terms of heat absorption, cooling, and inhibition of free radicals. In the future, there is a need for a novel fire extinguishing agent with high heat capacity, excellent extinguishing performance, low toxicity, and insulating properties for lithium-ion battery fires.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xuemin Shi, Zhuangzhuang Jia, Donghai Wang, Qingsong Wang, Danqi He, Yunhui Huang
Summary: For lithium-ion batteries, the safety issues caused by the coupled effect of electronic transport and phonon scattering on the thermal safety of Li[NixCoyMnz]O-2 cathode materials are discussed in this study. It is found that an improvement in electronic conduction leads to stronger lattice vibration and decreases the thermal conductivity, which is crucial for designing Li-ion batteries with high safety.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
(2023)
