Article
Biophysics
Huan Wang, Yue Zheng, Jiawei Liu, Baoli Zhu, Wei Qin, Feng Zhao
Summary: Microbial extracellular electron transfer plays a crucial role in environmental processes, but there is currently no accurate and time-saving method to evaluate this ability. This study proposes a fast and precise quantitation system for measuring microbial extracellular electron transfer using a gold-coated membrane filter as a working electrode, which can be applied to different types of microorganisms.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Biomaterials
Jeremie-Luc Sanchez, Christel Laberty-Robert
Summary: The study demonstrates that electrospinning technique can be used to synthesize a bacteria-encapsulating bioanode with satisfactory electrical conductivity. The bioanode shows electrochemical activity even after cryodesiccation and can be integrated into microbial fuel cells, exhibiting impressive volume current densities. This thin electrospun system may have potential applications in flexible MFCs or paper-based MFCs.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY B
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Noemi Poma, Federico Vivaldi, Andrea Bonini, Pietro Salvo, Arno Kirchhain, Zeliha Ates, Bernardo Melai, Daria Bottai, Arianna Tavanti, Fabio Di Francesco
Summary: Future strategies for detecting and monitoring biofilm formation in both industry and human health are crucial due to the negative impact of biofilms. Various electrochemical techniques including potentiometric, voltammetric, and impedance-based sensors are being used to provide an overview of biofilm detection and monitoring processes.
TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Lean Zhou, Yongliang Wu, Shiqi Zhang, Yifu Li, Yang Gao, Wei Zhang, Liu Tian, Tian Li, Qing Du, Shiquan Sun
Summary: In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) applied to wastewater treatment. The review covers the basic knowledge, key influencing factors, and application areas of METs, and discusses the future development directions. These studies are of great significance for energy recovery and environmental protection.
JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Peng Cheng, Rui Shan, Hao-Ran Yuan, Xiangping Tan, Yong Chen, Jinchuan Wu
Summary: This study evaluated the power output performance and aqueous organic waste disposal of seasonal leachate in Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) using leachate from both sealed and operating landfill. It was found that MFCs inoculated with leachate could generate electricity successfully, but fresh leachate showed better electrical output performance and COD removal efficiency, while the aged leachate had higher Coulombic Efficiency (CE). The study also examined the impact of composition on microbial community and power output performance.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Yu-Ting Zhang, Yong Zhang, Luo Peng
Summary: In situ fluorescence microscopy and electrochemical measurements were used to study the electrode biofilm of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, showing that current generation was positively correlated with electrode coverage by cells, and biofilm formation preceded the expression of redox proteins and current generation.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Jiannan Li, Ye Qiu, Da Li, Jing Wu, Yan Tian, Guohong Liu, Yujie Feng
Summary: Microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) are a promising technology for bioenergy recovery from wastewater, and the performance of MESs is influenced by the anode. This study focuses on the impact of pore size on start-up time and bio-electrochemical performance of three-dimensional (3D) porous anodes. It was found that the change in pore size affected the physical characteristics and mass transfer of the anode, leading to substrate and buffer species limitations. The influence of pore size on system performance was analyzed, providing insight into the construction of high-performance 3D structured anodes.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Pinpin Yang, Yaqian Gao, Naiyu Wang, Yujie Zhu, Lefei Xue, Yu Han, Jia Liu, Weihua He, Yujie Feng
Summary: Porous anodes improve system performance in microbial electrochemical systems by increasing the specific surface area for electroactive bacteria. Multilayer anodes with different pore diameters were constructed to assess the impact of pore size and depth on anode performance. The millimeter-scale pores inside the bioanode have a limited effect in increasing power, while larger pore diameters result in higher maximum power density. Electricigens can colonize into pore channels for at least 10 mm with a pore diameter ≥3 mm and current densities >0.05 A m-2. However, in the pores channel with 0.5 mm diameter, electricigens can only colonize to a depth of 2 mm. The biofilm thickness, electricity output, metabolic activity, and biocommunity changed with pore depth and were restricted by the limited mass transfer.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yi-Yan Yu, Yong Zhang, Luo Peng
Summary: Many exoelectrogens can use redox-active metabolites secreted by other organisms as redox mediators, facilitating extracellular electron transfer. The interaction between Shewanella oneidensis and phenazine 1-carboxylic acid (PCA) was studied, demonstrating that PCA can enhance oxidative current and inward electron transfer in Shewanella. This finding is important for electroactive bacteria living in open systems with low mediator concentrations.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yifei Wang, Yaohuan Gao, Abid Hussain, Hyung-Sool Lee
Summary: This study aimed to develop a standardized and consistent method for measuring biofilm conductance to enhance the understanding of extracellular electron transfer. The results showed no significant difference in biofilm conductance with and without a fixed anode potential. The conductance exhibited a sigmoidal relationship with anode potential and deviated from Ohm's law at applied voltages larger than 100 mV. Increasing measurement time led to a decrease in biofilm conductance and further deviation from Ohm's law. By optimizing operation settings, such as voltage range, step, measurement time, and anode control mode, more accurate and consistent biofilm conductance measurement was achieved in the 2-Au MEC system. This study provided a comprehensive evaluation of environmental and instrumental parameters for biofilm conductance measurement.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Qi Zhu, Jiaxin Peng, Yunhong Huang, Haiyan Ni, Zhong-er Long, Long Zou
Summary: Mo2C has been used in microbial cathode electrocatalysis for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but its effect on microorganism/cathode interfacial kinetics in the absence of HER remains unknown. In this study, an active Mo2C interface was constructed on a carbon cloth electrode to investigate its impact on fumarate reduction by a typical electroactive microorganism. Results show that the Mo2C-functionalized electrode significantly improves the fumarate reduction rate, indicating enhanced microbial electrocatalytic kinetics. The interaction between Mo2C and extracellular electron transfer mediators is analyzed, providing a new understanding of the mechanism behind the enhancement.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Rehab H. Mahmoud, Ola M. Gomaa, Rabeay Y. A. Hassan
Summary: Microbial fuel cells are a future technology that can convert chemical energy into electrical energy through the metabolic activities of microorganisms. In addition to electricity generation, they also have potential applications in water desalination, wastewater treatment, heavy metal removal, and more. However, MFCs currently face technical challenges in terms of low power and current density, limiting their scale and commercialization.
Article
Microbiology
Johannes Erben, Zachary A. Pinder, Malte S. Ludtke, Sven Kerzenmacher
Summary: The current production of Shewanella oneidensis on electrospun anodes exhibits a similar threshold current density as Geobacter spp biofilms. Increasing buffer concentration leads to a significant increase in current density, while riboflavin has minimal effect on biofilm growth stimulation.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yao Li, Sen Qiao, Meiwei Guo, Caiyun Hou, Jingxuan Wang, Cong Yu, Jiti Zhou, Xie Quan
Summary: Ammonia production is achieved in a microbial electrosynthesis system using nitrate and an electrode as electron acceptors and donors. With the help of She-wanella oneidensis MR-1, the system achieves a high ammonia production rate of 24.3 mg h-1$mg protein -1 with 82.5% selectivity and 33.1% cathodic efficiency. The electrochemical analysis indicates the important roles of cytochromes c, flavins, and the flavin/c-cytochrome combination. The work proposes a progressive route for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions.
CELL REPORTS PHYSICAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Miriam Edel, Gunnar Sturm, Katrin Sturm-Richter, Michael Wagner, Julia Novion Ducassou, Yohann Coute, Harald Horn, Johannes Gescher
Summary: This study identified a new quorum-sensing mechanism in S. oneidensis, where riboflavin production and excretion trigger biofilm formation by upregulating proteins involved in the process. The findings could be utilized for developing strains that generate higher current densities in bioelectrochemical systems.
BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS
(2021)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Nulee Jang, Mungyu Lee, Muhammad Yasin, In Seop Chang
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2020)
Review
Agricultural Engineering
J. Shanthi Sravan, Athmakuri Tharak, J. Annie Modestra, In Seop Chang, S. Venkata Mohan
Summary: The global demand for transitioning from a fossil-based to a bio-based economy for low-carbon/renewable energy and products is driving the emergence of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technologies. Diversification of MFC systems, such as BET, MES, BES, EF, MDC, MEC, and EM, is actively being researched to enhance product output and explore mechanism specificity. The key role of microbial catalyzed electrochemical reactions in MFCs is directly linked to the electrometabolic activity of microorganisms, showing potential for multi-faced applications.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Electrochemistry
Bongkyu Kim, In Seop Chang, Richard M. Dinsdale, Alan J. Guwy
Summary: The scanning electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique can be used to confirm the variation of internal resistance in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) under different working conditions, including charge transfer resistance and ohmic resistance. By measuring the overall internal resistance of the system and the charge transfer resistance of the anode and cathode using the scanning EIS method, it was found that the resistances of each electrode changed variably. This method revealed that the rapid increase in the anode's charge transfer resistance was the main cause of power overshoot, providing valuable insights for understanding undesirable phenomena in MFCs.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2021)
Editorial Material
Agricultural Engineering
Haluk Beyenal, In Seop Chang, S. Venkata Mohan, Deepak Pant
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Ji-Yeon Kim, Sehoon Park, Jiyeong Jeong, Mungyu Lee, Byeongchan Kang, Se Hwan Jang, Jinsung Jeon, Nulee Jang, Soyoung Oh, Zee-Yong Park, In Seop Chang
Summary: Methanol addition significantly enhances the metabolism of the acetogenic strain E. limosum, particularly under H-2/CO2 conditions, leading to improved growth rate and H-2 consumption rate. The proteomic fold changes show high correspondence between methanol and H-2/CO2 conditions, suggesting the advantages of methanol addition to biomass enhancement and faster consumption of gaseous substrates during syngas fermentation.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Stacy Simai Reginald, Michael Etzerodt, Deby Fapyane, In Seop Chang
Summary: This study reports the successful heterologous expression of a Mo-Cu-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (Mo-Cu CODH) from Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava in Escherichia coli, with the L-subunit showing CO oxidation activity. The expressed protein was used to construct a CO biomicrosensor with a linear response to CO concentration and high sensitivity and performance. This CO biomicrosensor has potential as an analytical tool for monitoring dissolved CO concentration dynamics in natural or synthetic systems.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Hyunsoo Kang, Byeonghyeok Park, Soyoung Oh, Duleepa Pathiraja, Ji-Yeon Kim, Seunghyeon Jung, Jiyeong Jeong, Minseok Cha, Zee-Yong Park, In-Geol Choi, In Seop Chang
Summary: Through in silico prediction and in vivo assessment, we have successfully improved the rates of carbon monoxide conversion to acetate by Eubacterium limosum KIST612 strain.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hyeryeong Lee, Eun Mi Lee, Stacy Simai Reginald, In Seop Chang
Summary: This study compared the effects of different gold-binding peptides fused to enzymes on electrocatalytic activity, bioactivity, and material-binding behaviors, demonstrating the vital role of GBP type in the design, construction, and optimization of enzyme-modified electrodes for efficient interfacial DET in DET-based enzyme-electrode systems.
Article
Biology
Stacy Simai Reginald, Hyeryeong Lee, Nabilah Fazil, Basit Sharif, Mungyu Lee, Min Ji Kim, Haluk Beyenal, In Seop Chang
Summary: This study demonstrates the control of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase orientation on electrode surfaces and suggests its application for promoting direct electron transfer in bioelectrocatalytic systems.
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Stacy Simai Reginald, Min Ji Kim, Hyeryeong Lee, Nabilah Fazil, Serah Choi, Soyoung Oh, Junhyeok Seo, In Seop Chang
Summary: This study introduces a gold-binding peptide to NAD(+)/NADH-dependent formate dehydrogenase (FDH) through genetic modification, enabling direct wiring of the enzyme to the electrode surface. The gold-binding activity of the fused enzymes depends on fusion site and tertiary structure, with the highest activity observed at the C-terminus. The presence of the gold-binding peptide increases the stability of the enzyme electrode and promotes direct electrochemical reactions. This method shows promise for bio-electronic applications involving NAD(+)/NADH-dependent enzymes.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Muhammad Tayyab Khalid, Tanzila Anjum, Asim Laeeq Khan, Fahad Rehman, Muhammad Aslam, Mazhar Amjad Gilani, Faheem Hassan Akhtar, Mungyu Lee, In Seop Chang, Muhammad Yasin
Summary: Polyimide (P84)-based polymeric membranes were fabricated and used as spargers in the bubble column reactor (BCR) to enhance the gas-liquid mass transfer (GL-MT) rate of oxygen in water. Incorporating polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a porogen and a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF-8) resulted in high porosity and hydrophobicity in the membranes, leading to increased GL-MT efficiency. The study demonstrated that ZIF-8 based membranes have the potential to improve dissolved oxygen concentration in BCR through bubble size reduction, increased bubble number, and improved hydrophobicity.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Hyeryeong Lee, Stacy Simai Reginald, In Seop Chang
Summary: Due to the unique properties of oxidoreductases, they have been used as biomaterials for bioelectrocatalytic systems. This study presents a simple and versatile approach for synthesizing binding positions of enzymes on electrodes using a gold-binding peptide (GBP). The optimized design of the synthetic enzyme, GDH gamma alpha-3GBP, exhibits higher affinity for gold (Au) surfaces and lower affinity for silicon dioxide (SiO2) compared to the wild-type GDH gamma alpha. This technology has the potential to fabricate small-scale biochips for enzyme-based bioelectronics.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Hyeryeong Lee, Yuna Bang, In Seop Chang
Summary: This study constructed an enzyme cascade-induced bioelectrocatalytic system by using solid binding peptide (SBP) as a molecular binder to coimmobilize invertase (INV) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase gamma-alpha complex (GDH γ α) on a single electrode surface. It emphasizes the importance of interenzyme orientation in electrocatalytic systems and demonstrates the efficacy of SBP fusion technology as a generic tool for developing cascade-induced direct bioelectrocatalytic systems.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jae-Hun Kim, In Seop Chang, Seung-Hyeon Moon
Summary: The acid-base junction flow battery utilizes neutralization and water dissociation for energy conversion, with the bipolar membrane composed of quaternary aminated poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and cation exchange layer showing significantly improved performance, achieving high power density and maintaining high efficiency in long-term operation of 60 cycles.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2021)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Bongkyu Kim, Nulee Jang, Mungyu Lee, Jae Kyung Jang, In Seop Chang
Summary: The study focused on harvesting bioelectricity and struvite mineral from nitrogen and phosphorous rich wastewater using MFCs and a chemical precipitation system. It achieved removal of over 70% of C sources and around 95% of P and N sources, proposing applications in decentralized treatment process of agriculture and livestock wastewater to achieve circular economy.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Yinping Xiang, Meiying Jia, Rui Xu, Jialu Xu, Lele He, Haihao Peng, Weimin Sun, Dongbo Wang, Weiping Xiong, Zhaohui Yang
Summary: This study investigated the impact of the non-antibiotic pharmaceutical carbamazepine on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during anaerobic digestion. The results showed that carbamazepine induced the enrichment of ARGs and increased the abundance of bacteria carrying these genes. It also facilitated microbial aggregation and intercellular communication, leading to an increased frequency of ARGs transmission. Moreover, carbamazepine promoted the acquisition of ARGs by pathogens and elevated their overall abundance.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Review
Agricultural Engineering
Weixin Zhao, Tianyi Hu, Hao Ma, Dan Li, Qingliang Zhao, Junqiu Jiang, Liangliang Wei
Summary: This review summarizes the effects and potential mechanisms of biochar on microbial behavior in AD systems. The addition of biochar has been found to promote microbial colonization, alleviate stress, provide nutrients, and enhance enzyme activity. Future research directions include targeted design of biochar, in-depth study of microbial mechanisms, and improved models.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Review
Agricultural Engineering
Christina Karmann, Anna Magrova, Pavel Jenicek, Jan Bartacek, Vojtech Kouba
Summary: This review assesses nitrogen removal technologies in reject water treatment, highlighting the differences in environmental impacts and economic benefits. Partial nitritation-anammox shows potential for economic benefits and positive environmental outcomes when operated and controlled properly.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Wei-Hao Huang, Ying-Ju Chang, Duu-Jong Lee
Summary: This study modified pinecone biochar with layered double hydroxide (LDH) to enhance its adsorption capacity for heavy metal and phosphate ions. The LDH-biochar showed significantly improved adsorption capacities for Pb2+ and phosphate, and a slight increase for Cu2+ and Co2+. The LDH layer enhanced the adsorption through various mechanisms.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Chao Song, Fanfan Cai, Shuang Yang, Ligong Wang, Guangqing Liu, Chang Chen
Summary: This paper developed a machine learning model to predict the biochemical methane potential during anaerobic digestion. Model analysis identified lignin content, organic loading, and nitrogen content as key attributes for methane production prediction. For feedstocks with high cellulose content, early methane production is lower but can be improved by prolonging digestion time. Moreover, lignin content exceeding a certain value significantly inhibits methane production.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Sang Min Lee, Ju Young Lee, Ji-Sook Hahn, Seung-Ho Baek
Summary: This study successfully developed an efficient platform strain using Yarrowia lipolytica for the bioconversion of renewable resources into adipic acid, achieving a remarkable increase in production level.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Sefkan Kendir, Matthias Franzreb
Summary: This study presents a novel approach using magnetic separation to efficiently harvest freshwater microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris. By combining pH-induced calcium phosphate precipitation with cheap natural magnetite microparticles, harvesting efficiencies up to 98% were achieved in the model medium.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Ishaq Kariim, Ji-Yeon Park, Wajahat Waheed Kazmi, Hulda Swai, In-Gu Lee, Thomas Kivevele
Summary: The impact of reaction temperature, residence time, and ethanol: acetone on the energy compositions and yield enhancement of biocrudes was investigated. The results showed that under appropriate conditions, biocrudes with high energy and low oxygen content can be obtained, indicating a high potential for utilization.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Xiyue Zhang, Xiyao Li, Liang Zhang, Yongzhen Peng
Summary: Intermittent aeration is an innovative approach to enhance nitrogen removal in low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio municipal sewage, providing an efficient strategy for the continuous plug-flow AOA process.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Xu Yang, Mahmoud Mazarji, Mengtong Li, Aohua Li, Ronghua Li, Zengqiang Zhang, Junting Pan
Summary: This study investigated the impact of magnetite on the nitrogen cycle of pig manure biostabilisation. The addition of magnetite increased N2O emissions and decreased NH3 emissions during composting. It also increased the total nitrogen content but should be considered for its significant increase in N2O emissions in engineering practice.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Review
Agricultural Engineering
Ty Shitanaka, Haylee Fujioka, Muzammil Khan, Manpreet Kaur, Zhi-Yan Du, Samir Kumar Khanal
Summary: The market value of microalgae has exponentially increased in the past two decades, thanks to their applications in various industries. However, the supply of high-value microalgal bioproducts is limited due to several factors, and strategies are being explored to overcome these limitations and improve microalgae production, thus increasing the availability of algal-derived bioproducts in the market.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Martin Kerner, Thorsten Wolff, Torsten Brinkmann
Summary: The efficiency of using enriched CO2 from flue gas for large-scale production of green microalgae has been studied. The results show that the use of membrane devices and static mixers can effectively improve the CO2 recovery rate and maintain the suitable pH and temperature during cultivation, achieving a more economical and sustainable microalgae production.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Rui Ma, Ji Li, Rd Tyagi, Xiaolei Zhang
Summary: This review summarizes the microorganisms capable of using CO2 and CH4 to produce PHAs, illustrating the production process, factors influencing it, and discussing optimization techniques. It identifies the challenges and future prospects for developing economically viable PHAs production using GHGs as a carbon source.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Bing Wang, Peng Zhang, Xu Guo, Xu Bao, Junjie Tian, Guomin Li, Jian Zhang
Summary: The addition of zeolite in the co-composting of chicken manure and straw significantly reduced the emissions of ammonia and N2O, and increased the nitrate content. Zeolite also promoted the abundance of nitrification genes and inhibited the expression of denitrification genes.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Rohit Dey, Franziska Ortiz Tena, Song Wang, Josef Martin Messmann, Christian Steinweg, Claudia Thomsen, Clemens Posten, Stefan Leu, Matthias S. Ullrich, Laurenz Thomsen
Summary: This study investigated the operation of a 1000L microalgae-based membrane photobioreactor system for continuous secondary wastewater treatment. The research focused on a green microalgae strain called Desmodesmus sp. The study aimed to understand key trends and optimization strategies by conducting experiments in both summer and winter seasons. The findings showed that maintaining low cell concentrations during periods of light inhibition was beneficial for nutrient uptake rates. Effective strategies for enhancing algae-based wastewater treatment included cell mass recycling and adjusting dilution rates based on light availability.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
