Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Frank W. Pfrieger
Summary: Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells lead to human diseases, and understanding the mechanisms and developing efficient therapies are major challenges in biomedical research. Acid sphingo-myelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are rare genetic diseases caused by specific gene variants that disrupt the homeostasis of sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. This article traces the discovery of these diseases, highlights advances in genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and reveals efforts to improve diagnosis and explore new therapies.
PROGRESS IN LIPID RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rebecca Maechtel, Fanni Annamaria Boros, Jan Philipp Dobert, Philipp Arnold, Friederike Zunke
Summary: Lysosomes are acidic organelles responsible for recycling cellular components and can cause lysosomal dysfunction and LSDs when there is reduced enzymatic activity. Neurons are particularly susceptible to lysosomal dysfunction, leading to neurological symptoms. There are genetic associations between LSDs and Parkinson's disease, indicating common cellular mechanisms.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Pia Hartwig, Doris Hoeglinger
Summary: The study investigates the acute effects of PDMP on cellular sphingolipid distribution using a sphingosine analogue, revealing that PDMP induces sphingolipid accumulation in lysosomes and affects metabolic conversion. PDMP treatment also leads to enrichment of other lipids, such as LBPA and cholesterol, in lysosomes. Furthermore, PDMP-induced effects can be attributed to mTOR inactivation and nuclear translocation of TFEB.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Irmgard Tegeder, Donat Koegel
Summary: Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway that prevents accumulation of harmful materials and supports cell survival. Excessive autophagy can lead to cell death, with the integrity of lysosomal membranes playing a crucial role in determining cellular fate.
Article
Oncology
Makoto Kurano, Koh Okamoto, Daisuke Jubishi, Hideki Hashimoto, Eri Sakai, Daisuke Saigusa, Kuniyuki Kano, Junken Aoki, Sohei Harada, Shu Okugawa, Kent Doi, Kyoji Moriya, Yutaka Yatomi
Summary: This study investigated the modulations of sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids in COVID-19 patients, revealing their dynamic changes depending on the time course and severity of the disease. Several species of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin may serve as better biomarkers for predicting severe COVID-19 during the early phase compared to traditional markers such as CRP and D-dimer.
CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Katharina B. Kuentzel, Ivan Bradic, Alena Akhmetshina, Melanie Korbelius, Silvia Rainer, Dagmar Kolb, Martin Gauster, Nemanja Vujic, Dagmar Kratky
Summary: The research showed that defective lysosomal CE catabolism affects placental and fetal cholesterol homeostasis, leading to hepatic lysosomal lipid accumulation in Lal-/- fetuses. After birth, LAL deficiency worsens with massive hepatic lysosomal lipid accumulation, continuing to deteriorate into young adulthood.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Danying Yang, Xifeng Wang, Lieliang Zhang, Yang Fang, Qingcui Zheng, Xing Liu, Wen Yu, Shoulin Chen, Jun Ying, Fuzhou Hua
Summary: The importance of neuroglia in maintaining normal brain function has been increasingly supported by evidence. Lipid droplets play an underestimated role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. This paper reviews the metabolism and accumulation of major lipids in the brain, discusses the regulation of lipid accumulation in different brain cells, and explores the pathological factors that promote lipid droplet formation, such as oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and glial cell-neuron coupling.
CELL AND BIOSCIENCE
(2022)
Editorial Material
Cell Biology
Joseph C. Roney, Sunan Li, Tamar Farfel-Becker, Ning Huang, Tao Sun, Yuxiang Xie, Xiu-Tang Cheng, Mei-Yao Lin, Frances M. Platt, Zu-Hang Sheng
Summary: The study reveals an impairment of lysosome transport to distal axons in Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC), leading to accumulation of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) at axon terminals. Elevated cholesterol on NPC lysosome membranes abnormally sequesters motor-adaptors of axonal lysosome delivery, disrupting maturation of axonal AVs during their retrograde transport. Reducing lysosomal lipid levels rescues lysosome transport into NPC axons, reducing axonal autophagic stress in early stages of NPC disease.
Article
Medical Laboratory Technology
Lei Yan, Pei Han, Jin Man, Yongmei Tian, Fudi Wang, Jia Wang
Summary: This study examined the differences in lipid profiles between T2D-associated hyperlipidemia patients and healthy controls, as well as T2D patients, using a plasma nontargeted lipidomics method. Glycerophospholipids were found to be the most abundant category of lipids and the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway was identified as the most relevant pathway for these lipid metabolisms.
CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Tamara Marin, Andres E. Dulcey, Fabian Campos, Catalina de la Fuente, Mariana Acuna, Juan Castro, Claudio Pinto, Maria Jose Yanez, Cristian Cortez, David W. McGrath, Pablo J. Saez, Kirill Gorshkov, Wei Zheng, Noel Southall, Maria Carmo-Fonseca, Juan Marugan, Alejandra R. Alvarez, Silvana Zanlungo
Summary: Niemann-Pick type A (NPA) disease is a fatal lysosomal neurodegenerative disorder. Recent studies have shown that c-Abl tyrosine kinase activity plays a role in neuronal damage and death in NPA disease. There is potential for the use of c-Abl inhibitors in the clinical treatment of NPA patients.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ivan Bradic, Laura Liesinger, Katharina B. Kuentzel, Nemanja Vujic, Michael Trauner, Ruth Birner-Gruenberger, Dagmar Kratky
Summary: Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is responsible for degrading cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols at acidic pH. Impaired LAL activity leads to LAL deficiency and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Comprehensive proteomic profiling of mouse livers with systemic or hepatocyte-specific loss of LAL revealed drastic proteome alterations in Lal-/- mice, including dysregulation of metabolism, inflammation, liver fibrosis, and cancer-related proteins. In contrast, hepLal-/- mice showed minor changes in the liver proteome, suggesting that loss of LAL solely in hepatocytes does not phenocopy the metabolic alterations observed in mice lacking LAL globally.
JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Brianna M. Quinville, Natalie M. Deschenes, Alex E. Ryckman, Jagdeep S. Walia
Summary: Sphingolipids are a specialized group of lipids primarily located in the nervous system, participating in intricate metabolic pathways and playing important roles in cellular functions as well as being targeted for therapeutic purposes in various pathologies.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Soenke Rudnik, Markus Damme
Summary: Lysosomes are organelles in eukaryotic cells that degrade macromolecules into basic building blocks through hydrolysis, with the metabolites being reused in biosynthetic pathways. Despite advancements in understanding the lysosomal membrane, there are still unresolved questions regarding its function, including storage capabilities, unidentified transporters, protein transport mechanisms, and turnover processes. Further research is needed for a comprehensive understanding of lysosomal communication with other organelles and cellular pathways.
Article
Neurosciences
Francesco Agostini, Rossella Agostinis, Diego L. Medina, Marco Bisaglia, Elisa Greggio, Nicoletta Plotegher
Summary: MiTF/TFE transcription factors are responsible for important processes in brain function. Dysregulation of these proteins is involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding their function and evolutionary conservation is crucial for therapeutic development.
MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Developmental Biology
Elizabeth J. Meiman, Grace Robinson Kick, Cheryl A. Jensen, Joan R. Coates, Martin L. Katz
Summary: This study focuses on Golden Retriever dogs carrying a frameshift variant in the CLN5 gene, leading to a progressive neurodegenerative disorder similar to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. The research describes the onset and progression of the disease, manifesting as restlessness, proprioceptive deficits, ataxia, cognitive decline, and ultimately euthanasia around 21-23 months of age. MRI revealed significant brain atrophy and accumulation of autofluorescent inclusions.
DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Soo Min Cho, Ayelet Vardi, Nicolas Platt, Anthony H. Futerman
JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
(2019)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chi-Lin Kuo, Wouter W. Kallemeijn, Lindsey T. Lelieveld, Mina Mirzaian, Iris Zoutendijk, Ayelet Vardi, Anthony H. Futerman, Annemarie H. Meijer, Herman P. Spaink, Herman S. Overkleeft, Johannes M. F. G. Aerts, Marta Artola
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Christophe Paget, Shenglou Deng, Daphnee Soulard, David A. Priestman, Silvia Speca, Johanna von Gerichten, Anneliese O. Speak, Ashish Saroha, Yael Pewzner-Jung, Anthony H. Futerman, Thierry Mallevaey, Christelle Faveeuw, Xiaobo Gu, Frances M. Platt, Roger Sandhoff, Francois Trottein
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Iris D. Zelnik, Ana E. Ventura, Jiyoon L. Kim, Liana C. Silva, Anthony H. Futerman
BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY OF LIPIDS
(2020)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Iris D. Zelnik, Giora Volpert, Leena E. Viiri, Dimple Kauhanen, Tamar Arazi, Katriina Aalto-Setala, Reijo Laaksonen, Anthony H. Futerman
JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH
(2020)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shani Blumenreich, Chen Yaacobi, Ayelet Vardi, Or B. Barav, Einat B. Vitner, Hyejung Park, Bing Wang, Seng H. Cheng, Sergio P. Sardi, Anthony H. Futerman
Summary: The study showed that SRT is effective in reversing the pathological components and pathways of substrate accumulation in nGD brain by inhibiting the synthesis of glycosphingolipids to reduce their accumulation. This approach can reverse the changes in GSL metabolism, lipoproteins, and other lipid metabolic pathways associated with CBE injection, demonstrating the potential of SRT in treating nGD with a neurological component.
JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Ayelet Vardi, Shifra Ben-Dor, Soo Min Cho, Ulrich Kalinke, Julia Spanier, Anthony H. Futerman
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
(2020)
Editorial Material
Clinical Neurology
Shani Blumenreich, Bethan J. Jenkins, Or B. Barav, Ivan Milenkovic, Anthony H. Futerman
MOVEMENT DISORDERS
(2020)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Ayelet Vardi, Amir Pri-Or, Noa Wigoda, Yulia Grishchuk, Anthony H. Futerman
Summary: MLIV is an ultra-rare neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the MCOLN1 gene. Proteomics analysis of the post-mortem brain sample from an MLIV patient identified alterations in pathways related to lysosome, lipid metabolism, myelination, and autophagy, among others. The study also suggests potential biomarkers such as calbindin 1 and calbindin 2 for monitoring disease progression.
ORPHANET JOURNAL OF RARE DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Steffen Schmidt, Sandra F. Gallego, Iris Daphne Zelnik, Sergey Kovalchuk, Nanna Albaek, Richard R. Sprenger, Charlotte Overup, Yael Pewzner-Jung, Anthony H. Futerman, Marie W. Lindholm, Ole N. Jensen, Christer S. Ejsing
Summary: Emerging clinical data show that three ceramide molecules, Cer d18:1/16:0, Cer d18:1/24:1, and Cer d18:1/24:0, are biomarkers of a fatal outcome in patients with cardiovascular disease. This study developed a potent N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated antisense oligonucleotide that specifically targets ceramide synthase 2 in hepatocytes. Results demonstrate that this compound effectively reduces ceramide synthase 2 mRNA level, leading to lower protein expression and activity as well as ceramide levels in the liver. Interestingly, the hepatocyte-specific antisense oligonucleotide also modulates blood plasma ceramides, suggesting that these biomarkers are regulated by ceramide biosynthesis in hepatocytes.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tania C. B. Santos, Tamir Dingjan, Anthony H. Futerman
Summary: This article discusses the complexity of lipid synthesis in modern cell membranes, specifically focusing on sphingolipids (SLs). The authors introduce the concept of the 'anteome', which describes the network of metabolic pathways that must have evolved to allow for the synthesis of SLs. They also suggest that current models of life origins and evolution lack sufficient experimental evidence to explain the appearance of this complex metabolic pathway and its anteome.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jiyoon Kim, Yael Pewzner-Jung, Tammar Joseph, Shifra Ben-Dor, Anthony H. Futerman
Summary: In this study, we generated a CerS6 mouse model using CRISPR-Cas9 technology and found that replacing the DDRSDIE motif in CerS6 may affect an unknown mechanism of regulation of ceramide synthesis in vivo, resulting in significantly reduced ceramide levels. By crossing CerS6(ADAAAIA) mice with CerS5 null mice, we demonstrated that other ceramide species with different acyl chain lengths may compensate for the depletion of C16-ceramide levels.
Article
Neurosciences
Shani Blumenreich, Tamar Nehushtan, Or B. Barav, Jennifer T. Saville, Tamir Dingjan, John Hardy, Maria Fuller, Anthony H. Futerman
Summary: In the past decade, several genetic risk factors, including GBA variants, have been identified for Parkinson's Disease (PD). This study analyzes lipid levels in different brain regions of PD patients with GBA mutations and suggests that changes in ganglioside levels may contribute to the association between PD and GBA mutations.
NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Iris D. D. Zelnik, Beatriz Mestre, Jonathan J. J. Weinstein, Tamir Dingjan, Stav Izrailov, Shifra Ben-Dor, Sarel J. J. Fleishman, Anthony H. H. Futerman
Summary: Researchers validate a one-step algorithm called mPROSS for stabilizing membrane proteins directly from an AlphaFold2 model structure. By applying this algorithm to ceramide synthase, they obtained a more stable form of human CerS2 enzyme through 37 designed mutations. With the help of molecular dynamics simulations, a potential pathway for substrate delivery to ceramide synthases is proposed.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shani Blumenreich, Doreen Padan Ben-Yashar, Tali Shalit, Meital Kupervaser, Ivan Milenkovic, Tammar Joseph, Anthony H. Futerman
Summary: Gaucher's disease is caused by a defective enzyme called acid beta-glucosidase. This study used a mouse model of neurological Gaucher's disease to identify differentially expressed proteins in the brain. The researchers discovered that a protein called transglutaminase 1 was highly expressed in the brains of the diseased mice. These findings provide further insights into the pathological mechanisms of neurological Gaucher's disease.
JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Soojung Hahn, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim
Summary: This study utilized three-dimensional intestinal organoids to investigate the effects of metformin on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and found that metformin can enhance intestinal barrier function and reduce levels of inflammatory cytokines.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
V. V. Sudarev, M. S. Gette, S. V. Bazhenov, O. M. Tilinova, E. V. Zinovev, I. V. Manukhov, A. I. Kuklin, Yu. L. Ryzhykau, A. V. Vlasov
Summary: This study investigated the self-assembly processes of ferritin-based protein complexes and obtained structurally characterized oligomeric states. These results provide new potential and opportunities for the application of ferritin in various fields.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yalda Sabaghi, Farnaz Pourfarzad, Leila Zolghadr, Azita Bahrami, Tahereh Shojazadeh, Alireza Farasat, Nematollah Gheibi
Summary: p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) is a plant compound with anti-cancer activities. This study designed a nano-liposomal carrier containing p-CA to enhance its effectiveness against melanoma cells. The findings showed that the liposomal form of p-CA had a greater impact on the cells. Kinetic modeling indicated that the best fitting model was zero-order.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
M. D. Nazmul Hasan, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Al Asmaul Husna, Nobuhiro Nozaki, Osamu Yamato, Naoki Miura
Summary: This study investigated the expression of ncRNAs other than miRNAs in different histologic subtypes of canine mammary gland tumors (MGT). Three aberrantly expressed ncRNAs were identified as potential biomarkers for differentiating MGT subtypes. YRNA and tRFs expression levels were found to be decreased in metastatic compared to primary MGT cell lines.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Seine A. Shintani
Summary: In this study, the researchers used signal analysis to study the instantaneous amplitude and phase of sarcomeric oscillations in skeletal muscle. They identified two types of oscillations, sarcomeric oscillations and sarcosynced oscillations, and visualized their behavior during propagating waves. The researchers discovered the presence of sarcomeric defect holes and sarcomeric collision holes, which are important indicators for understanding the oscillation properties of sarcomeres. This finding has important implications for improving our understanding of muscle function and its regulatory mechanisms.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shuanglin Zhang, Yuzhong Jia, Guolan Ma, Yanyan Yang, Zhenzhen Cao, Antao Luo, Zefu Zhang, Shihan Li, Jie Wen, Hanfeng Liu, Jihua Ma
Summary: Bupleurum is an antiarrhythmic agent that may exert its effects by inhibiting L-type calcium channels.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tomotaka Ohkubo, Yasuhiko Matsumoto, Hiroaki Sasaki, Kaoru Kinoshita, Yuki Ogasawara, Takashi Sugita
Summary: This study found that Citrobacter koseri inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, disrupting the balance between S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, and exacerbating inflammation in atopic dermatitis.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Toshifumi Asano, Philipp Sasse, Takao Nakata
Summary: A Cre recombination-based fluorescent reporter system was developed to monitor cell-cell fusion. The system successfully detected the formation of multinuclear myotubes and placental syncytiotrophoblast. This tool could facilitate the study of cell-to-cell fusion.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ke Shi, Yunlong Shan, Xiao Sun, Kuida Chen, Qiong Luo, Qiang Xu
Summary: This study found that low expression of TP53INP2 is associated with poor survival in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. As the malignancy of CRC progresses, TP53INP2 expression gradually decreases. Knockdown of TP53INP2 promotes CRC cell proliferation and tumor growth. Mechanistically, TP53INP2 deficiency decreases phosphorylation of beta-catenin, leading to increased accumulation and enhanced nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. Additionally, TP53INP2 sequesters TIM50, inhibiting its activation of beta-catenin. In conclusion, downregulation of TP53INP2 promotes CRC progression by activating beta-catenin.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Martina Rossi, Fabio Tomaselli, Alejandro Hochkoeppler
Summary: Oligomeric enzymes are known for their higher catalytic rates compared to monomeric enzymes, but the extent of additivity in their activity is still not well understood. This study used tetrameric rabbit lactate dehydrogenase as a model to examine the kinetics of its catalytic action. Surprisingly, when the concentration of the limiting reactant exceeded that of a single subunit, there was a significant slowdown in the enzyme's conformational rearrangements.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Amin Sahraei, Mohammad Javad Shamsoddini, Fakhrossadat Mohammadi, Leila Hassani
Summary: This study explored the inhibitory effects of gallium curcumin, indium curcumin, and vanadyl curcumin on the amyloid fibrillation of hen egg white lysozyme, as well as the binding interactions of these metal complexes with the enzyme. The results showed that indium curcumin and vanadyl curcumin exhibited higher binding affinities and stronger inhibitory effects on amyloid fibrillation compared to gallium curcumin.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Takahiro Sasaki, Yoshiki Kuse, Shinsuke Nakamura, Masamitsu Shimazawa
Summary: PGRN deficiency plays a significant role in cardiac remodeling and arrhythmias post-myocardial infarction (MI), potentially by promoting metabolic abnormalities in macrophages.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hongwei Zhao, Yiqiang Li, Yibo Zhang, Chi Zhang
Summary: Electrical brain stimulation technology is commonly used to treat brain neurological disorders, but it can cause side effects. This study investigated the impact of electric fields on nerve fibers and revealed the possible origin of side effects. The findings provide guidance for selecting electrical parameters in clinical stimulation therapy.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Julia S. Scott, Lake-Ee Quek, Andrew J. Hoy, Johannes V. Swinnen, Zeyad D. Nassar, Lisa M. Butler
Summary: The fatty acid elongation enzyme ELOVL5 plays a critical role in promoting metastasis in prostate cancer. Knocking down ELOVL5 leads to the accumulation of malonyl-CoA, which inhibits fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria. This study highlights the importance of fatty acid elongation in regulating cell viability and provides a potential target for prostate cancer treatment.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zan Zhou, Wen-jun Jiang, Li Li, Jun-qiang Si
Summary: This study investigates the effect of noise exposure on cognitive function in mice and explores the underlying molecular mechanisms. The findings suggest that noise exposure leads to increased inflammation, increased phosphorylation of Tau protein, and decreased levels of postsynaptic density protein, resulting in cognitive impairment.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)