Article
Environmental Sciences
Stefanie Prenner, Astrid Allesch, Margarethe Staudner, Martin Rexeis, Michael Schwingshackl, Marion Huber-Humer, Florian Part
Summary: This study established a mass balance for vehicle tyres and tyre wear particles (TWPs) emissions in Austria, showing that 6% of tyre rubber was emitted as TWPs to the environment, while the majority remained in use or underwent recycling.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Yu Li, Weiji Wang
Summary: This study aims to develop a model for analyzing the tread heat of aircraft's tires and evaluating the effectiveness of pre-rotation and soft landing in reducing tire heat. The results show that pre-rotation can significantly lower landing gear's heat generation, while soft landing has little or counterproductive effect. The research has practical implications in extending tire lifespan, reducing replacement cost, and minimizing environmental and health impacts.
AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING AND AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Tiantong Wu, Kelly Lo, Jason Stafford
Summary: Particle emissions from vehicle brakes, tires, and road deposits are harmful to human health, with previous research investigating their physical and chemical characteristics and long-term impacts on the environment. Future research should focus on urban driving conditions, understanding particle transport mechanisms, and developing strategies to mitigate pollution risks. Interdisciplinary research is crucial for developing pollution control strategies and transport policies.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Eunji Chae, Seong Ryong Yang, Sung-Seen Choi
Summary: By analyzing the shapes, size distributions of wear particles, and crosslink densities, the abrasion behavior could be further elucidated.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Eunji Chae, Uiyeong Jung, Sung-Seen Choi
Summary: In this study, a novel analytical method using oleamide as a marker was developed to quantify the content of TWP in MPR. The TWP contents of MPRs collected at different seasons and places were found to be 1.4-4.7 wt%, and were influenced by traffic volume and temperature, increasing with higher levels of both factors.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Lasse Abraham Rasmussen, Jeanette Lykkemark, Theis Raaschou Andersen, Jes Vollertsen
Summary: In this study, samples were collected from seven roads and parking lots using a road surface cleaning truck, resulting in approximately 100 kg of particulate material per site. Analysis of the samples revealed that on average, tyre wear particles accounted for 0.09% of the dry mass. Other types of microplastics were also present but at concentrations 49 times lower than tyre wear particles. The study found no correlation between land use and the total concentrations of microplastics.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Camryn Stang, Badr A. Mohamed, Loretta Y. Li
Summary: This review examines the effectiveness of different microplastic (MP) removal technologies in stormwater runoff and the performance of typical stormwater treatment systems. The results show that bioretention and filtration systems have high MP removal efficiencies, while wetlands and retention ponds have lower efficiencies. However, the limited research data calls for further investigation to reach definitive conclusions.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Florence N. F. Parker-Jurd, Imogen E. Napper, Geoffrey D. Abbott, Simon Hann, Richard C. Thompson
Summary: Desk-based studies have shown that tyre wear particles contribute significantly to microplastic emissions in the environment. Empirical studies revealed the presence of benzothiazole, a molecular marker for tyres, in samples collected from different pathways to the marine environment. Laboratory tests suggested that larger particles tend to settle near their entry points, while smaller particles have the potential for longer-range transport and dispersal.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Jaroslaw Gonera, Jerzy Napiorkowski
Summary: This paper examines the impact of changes in body geometry and wheel geometry on passenger car tire wear. It was found that changes in body geometry directly influenced changes in wheel geometry, leading to excessive tire wear.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
William Hicks, Sean Beevers, Anja H. Tremper, Gregor Stewart, Max Priestman, Frank J. Kelly, Mathias Lanoiselle, Dave Lowry, David C. Green
Summary: This study quantified the sources of non-exhaust particulate matter traffic emissions in London using highly time-resolved measurements over a 12-month period. The results revealed that brake wear is the primary source of non-exhaust emissions, and the emission factors are influenced by speed and road surface conditions. Further statistical analysis and advanced source apportionment techniques were used to enhance understanding of these important vehicle sources.
Article
Polymer Science
Surya Koodappuzha Parameswaran, Sanjay Bhattacharya, Rabindra Mukhopadhyay, Kinsuk Naskar, Anil K. Bhowmick
Summary: The study demonstrates the synergistic reinforcement effect of new generation nanofillers in combination with carbon black in a typical tire tread composition, resulting in enhanced failure resistance and dynamic mechanical properties. The research also explores the development of a hybrid microstructure and proposes a mechanism of reinforcement by hybrid fillers.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Toni Feissel, Florian Buechner, Miles Kunze, Jonas Rost, Valentin Ivanov, Klaus Augsburg, David Hesse, Sebastian Gramstat
Summary: Due to the increasing environmental awareness, vehicle-related emissions such as particulate matter are facing growing criticism. This article presents a methodology to evaluate the impact of different vehicle-related sources on ambient particulate matter. It includes experimental measurements and simulations to study the emissions pathways.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Tim Wilkinson, Ida Jarlskog, Juliana Aristeia de Lima, Mats Gustafsson, Karin Mattsson, Yvonne Andersson Skold, Martin Hassellov
Summary: There is increasing evidence that tire wear particles can negatively impact natural systems. Rising car weight and usage trends are expected to lead to increased emissions. This study utilized advanced road simulator experiments to compare seasonal tire types from different brands and analyze the particles. The findings showed differences in shape, numbers, and mass between tire types and brands, as well as between different road surfaces. Contrary to previous perceptions, a significant proportion of the particles were found to be fragile and chemically distinct, raising important questions about their classification and environmental fate.
FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Michal Vojtisek-Lom, Miroslav Vaculik, Martin Pechout, Frantisek Hopan, Alden Fred Arul Raj, Srinath Penumarti, Jiri Smokeman Horak, Olga Popovicheva, Jakub Ondracek, Barbora Dousova
Summary: The study found that automobile friction brakes generate highly variable nanoparticles, and braking conditions and styles may affect particle production. Improving driving habits and traffic management could help reduce emissions. The research also revealed a complex relationship between nanoparticle emissions during braking and a combination of factors.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Pieter van Broekhuizen, Arto Saeaemaenen, Daan Schuurbiers, Panagiotis Isigonis, Keld A. Jensen, Dana Kuehnel, Kees Le Blansch
Summary: A research team has jointly developed a nano risk governance framework that is applicable to the development and use of nanomaterials, providing feasible guidance for stakeholders. The usefulness of this framework was tested through a case study on rubber tyres.
FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Joacim Lundberg, Sara Janhall, Mats Gustafsson, Sigurdur Erlingsson
Summary: This paper compares a road abrasion wear model with full-scale field measurements on recently constructed roads in Sweden to investigate its validity, proposing potential changes for continued use. It concludes that the model overestimates wear and suggests an update, while also briefly investigating the impact on emission predictions by NORTRIP. There are indications that NORTRIP is affected by the abrasion model overestimating the contribution of pavement wear to particle emissions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Forestry
Panagiotis Michopoulos, Kostas Kaoukis, George Karetsos, Theodoros Grigoratos, Constantini Samara
JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH
(2020)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Ida Jarlskog, Ann-Margret Stromvall, Kerstin Magnusson, Mats Gustafsson, Maria Polukarova, Helen Galfi, Maria Aronsson, Yvonne Andersson-Skold
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2020)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Joacim Lundberg, Mats Gustafsson, Sara Janhall, Olle Eriksson, Goran Blomqvist, Sigurdur Erlingsson
WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION
(2020)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Theodoros Grigoratos, Carlos Agudelo, Jaroslaw Grochowicz, Sebastian Gramstat, Matt Robere, Guido Perricone, Agusti Sin, Andreas Paulus, Marco Zessinger, Alejandro Hortet, Simone Ansaloni, Ravi Vedula, Marcel Mathissen
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Dimitrios Komnos, Stijn Broekaert, Theodoros Grigoratos, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Georgios Fontaras
Summary: This paper presents a method to determine a vehicle's Cd·A through on-road tests without the need for a test track. The simulation using the obtained parameters showed an average difference in fuel consumption of 2%.
Article
Thermodynamics
Stijn Broekaert, Theodoros Grigoratos, Dimitrios Savvidis, Georgios Fontaras
Summary: Experiment results show that heavy-duty vehicles equipped with waste heat recovery systems can indeed reduce fuel consumption in different driving cycles, but do not significantly reduce pollutant emissions. The Vehicle Energy Consumption calculation Tool (VECTO) used for simulating on-road trips can accurately predict fuel consumption.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Ida Jarlskog, Ann-Margret Stromvall, Kerstin Magnusson, Helen Galfi, Karin Bjorklund, Maria Polukarova, Rita Garcao, Anna Markiewicz, Maria Aronsson, Mats Gustafsson, Malin Norin, Lena Blom, Yvonne Andersson-Skold
Summary: This study conducted in Gothenburg, Sweden, investigates the occurrence of metals, organic pollutants, and microplastics in roads and stormwater, confirming traffic as an important source of these pollutants. Results show that street sweepers collect large amounts of polluted materials, preventing further spread of pollutants into receiving stormwater.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Julia C. Fussell, Meredith Franklin, David C. Green, Mats Gustafsson, Roy M. Harrison, William Hicks, Frank J. Kelly, Franceska Kishta, Mark R. Miller, Ian S. Mudway, Farzan Oroumiyeh, Liza Selley, Meng Wang, Yifang Zhu
Summary: Implementing regulatory standards has significantly reduced exhaust emissions of particulate matter from road traffic in developed countries. However, unregulated nonexhaust particle emissions from brake and tire wear, road surface, and road dust resuspension exceed exhaust emissions in many jurisdictions. Although the sources of nonexhaust particles are fairly well-known, specific measurements of airborne concentrations are limited, and the toxicology and epidemiology studies do not provide a clear understanding of the associated health risks.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Theodoros Grigoratos, Athanasios Mamakos, Michael Arndt, Dmytro Lugovyy, Robert Anderson, Christian Hafenmayer, Mikko Moisio, Joonas Vanhanen, Richard Frazee, Carlos Agudelo, Barouch Giechaskiel
Summary: The stringency of vehicle exhaust emissions regulations has led to a significant reduction in exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions over the years. However, non-exhaust particles from brakes and tyres contribute to almost half or more of ambient PM caused by road transport. Even with the ban on internal combustion engines in 2035, electrified vehicles will still emit PM from brake and tyre wear. Therefore, regulatory measures are necessary to effectively reduce non-exhaust PM emissions. The development of a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) is currently underway to establish testing procedures and boundaries for measuring brake wear particle emissions.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Theodoros Grigoratos, Marcel Mathissen, RaviTeja Vedula, Athanasios Mamakos, Carlos Agudelo, Sebastian Gramstat, Barouch Giechaskiel
Summary: "The Particle Measurement Programme Informal Working Group (PMP-IWG) coordinated a global interlaboratory study (ILS) on brake wear particle emissions with the participation of 16 testing facilities. Two articles present the main outcomes of the ILS: (I) Particulate matter mass (PM), and (II) Particle Number (PN) emissions."
Article
Environmental Sciences
Marcel Mathissen, Theodoros Grigoratos, Sebastian Gramstat, Athanasios Mamakos, RaviTeja Vedula, Carlos Agudelo, Jaroslaw Grochowicz, Barouch Giechaskiel
Summary: The Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) coordinated a global interlaboratory study on brake wear particle emissions in 2021, involving 16 laboratories. The study included two articles discussing particulate matter mass (PM) and particle number (PN) emissions. The test covered various brake systems and materials, and showed comparable SPN and TPN emission levels except for one lab with high volatile particle emissions. This article summarizes the lessons learned and introduces upcoming global technical regulation for reducing measurement variability in sampling and measuring brake particle emissions for light-duty vehicles up to 3.5 t.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Theodoros Grigoratos, Athanasios Mamakos, RaviTeja Vedula, Michael Arndt, Dmytro Lugovyy, Christian Hafenmayer, Mikko Moisio, Carlos Agudelo, Barouch Giechaskiel
Summary: Vehicles' exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions have decreased, but non-exhaust emissions from brakes and tires have increased. The Euro 7 proposal introduces specific emission limits for brakes and tires worldwide. This study presents technical specifications for PM measurements and evaluates particle losses in two different setups. It also discusses the mass ratios of PM2.5 and PM10 as a function of the mass median diameters.
Article
Environmental Studies
Nina Svensson, Joacim Lundberg, Sara Janhall, Sami Kulovuori, Mats Gustafsson
Summary: Non-exhaust emissions from road transport contribute significantly to PM10 pollution and have negative impacts on health. This study examines the possibility of improving air quality by using measures like dust suppression and road sweeping, as well as implementing porous pavements.
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART D-TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Toxicology
Ali Reza Nosratabadi, Mats Gustafsson, Karin Loven, Stefan A. Ljunggren, Ulf Olofsson, Saeed Abbasi, Goran Blomqvist, Helen Karlsson, Anders G. Ljungman, Flemming R. Cassee, Miriam E. Gerlofs-Nijland, Anders Gudmundsson
Summary: This study investigated the effects of road and brake wear particles on pulmonary function and biomarkers in isolated perfused rat lungs. The results showed that particles from road quartzite and brake materials had significant effects on tidal volume and cytokine levels. The choice of rock material in road pavements has the potential to affect the toxicity of road wear particles.
INHALATION TOXICOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Muhammad Waqas, Majid Nazeer, Man Sing Wong, Wu Shaolin, Li Hon, Joon Heo
Summary: The socio-economic restriction measures implemented in the United States have significantly reduced nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions. The study highlights the impact of factors such as human mobility, population density, income, climate, and stationary sources on the reduction of NO2 at different stations. The research emphasizes the scientific impacts of the NO2 reduction and income inequality revealed by the pandemic on air quality and health disparities.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Guorui Zhi, Jinhong Du, Aizhong Chen, Wenjing Jin, Na Ying, Zhihui Huang, Peng Xu, Di Wang, Jinghua Ma, Yuzhe Zhang, Jiabao Qu, Hao Zhang, Li Yang, Zhanyun Ma, Yanjun Ren, Hongyan Dang, Jianglong Cui, Pengchuan Lin, Zhuoshi He, Jinmin Zhao, Shuo Qi, Weiqi Zhang, Wenjuan Zhao, Yingxin Li, Qian Liu, Chen Zhao, Yi Tang, Peng Wei, Jingxu Wang, Zhen Song, Yao Kong, Xiangzhe Zhu, Yi Shen, Tianning Zhang, Yangxi Chu, Xinmin Zhang, Jiafeng Fu, Qingxian Gao, Jingnan Hu, Zhigang Xue
Summary: An comprehensive emission inventory for China in 2019, which includes both air pollutants and greenhouse gases, was developed in this study. The inventory utilizes existing frameworks and data to provide comparable emissions data and demonstrates the relationship between emissions and economic development.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
I-Ting Ku, Yong Zhou, Arsineh Hecobian, Katherine Benedict, Brent Buck, Emily Lachenmayer, Bryan Terry, Morgan Frazier, Jie Zhang, Da Pan, Lena Low, Amy Sullivan, Jeffrey L. Collett Jr
Summary: Unconventional oil and natural gas development (UOGD) in the United States has expanded rapidly in recent decades, raising concerns about its impact on air quality. This study conducted extensive air monitoring during the development of several large well pads in Broomfield, Colorado, providing a unique opportunity to examine changes in local air toxics and VOC concentrations during well drilling and completions and production. The study identified significant increases in VOC concentrations during drilling operations, highlighting the importance of emissions from synthetic drilling mud. The findings suggest opportunities to mitigate emissions during UOGD operations.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Puji Lestari, Akbar R. Tasrifani, Wiranda I. Suri, Martin J. Wooster, Mark J. Grosvenor, Yusuke Fujii, Vissia Ardiyani, Elisa Carboni, Gareth Thomas
Summary: This study developed field emission factors for various pollutants in peatland fires and estimated the total emissions. Gas samples were collected using an analyzer, while particulate samples were collected using air samplers. The study found significant emissions of CO2, CO, PM2.5, carbon aerosols, water-soluble ions, and elements from the fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia in 2019.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Ligang Li, Yuyu Chen, Lu Fan, Dong Sun, Hu He, Yongshou Dai, Yong Wan, Fangfang Chen
Summary: A high-precision retrieval method based on a deep convolutional neural network and satellite remote sensing data is proposed to obtain accurate methane vertical profiles.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Hyung Joo Lee, Toshihiro Kuwayama, Michael Fitzgibbon
Summary: This study investigated the changes in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) air pollution levels and their disparities in California, U.S. during the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The results showed a decrease in NO2 concentrations, especially in urban and high-traffic areas. However, socially vulnerable populations still experienced higher levels of NO2 exposure. The study suggests that reducing NO2 disparities, particularly racial inequity, can be achieved through continued regulatory actions targeting traffic-related NOx emissions.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Maria Chiara Pietrogrande, Beatrice Biffi, Cristina Colombi, Eleonora Cuccia, Umberto Dal Santo, Luisa Romanato
Summary: This study investigates the chemical composition and oxidative potential of PM10 particles in the Po Valley, Italy, and demonstrates the impact of high levels of atmosphere ammonia. The rural area had significantly higher ammonia concentrations compared to the urban site, resulting in higher levels of secondary inorganic aerosol. Although the SIA components did not contribute significantly to the PM10 oxidative reactivity, they were correlated with the oxidative potential measurements. This suggests that the contribution of SIA to PM oxidative toxicity cannot be ignored.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Natalie Allen, Jan Gacnik, Sarrah M. Dunham-Cheatham, Mae Sexauer Gustin
Summary: Accurate measurement of atmospheric reactive mercury is challenging due to its reactivity and low concentrations. The University of Nevada, Reno Reactive Mercury Active System (RMAS) has been shown to be more accurate than the industry standard, but has limitations including long time resolution and sampling biases. Increasing the sampling flow rate negatively affected RM concentrations, but did not impact the chemical composition of RM captured on membranes.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Chin-Yu Hsu, Wei-Ting Hsu, Ching-Yi Mou, Pei-Yi Wong, Chih-Da Wu, Yu-Cheng Chen
Summary: This study estimated the daily exposure concentrations of PM2.5 for elderly individuals residing in different regions of Taiwan using land use regression with machine learning (LUR_ML) and microenvironmental exposure (ME) models. The accuracy of the models varied across regions, with the ME models exhibiting higher predictions and lower biases. The use of region-specific microenvironmental measurements in the ME model showed potential for accurate prediction of personal PM2.5 exposure.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Xiaohan Si, Kerrie Mengersen, Chuchu Ye, Wenbiao Hu
Summary: This study found that there is an interactive effect between air pollutants and weather factors, which significantly affects influenza transmission. Future research should consider the interactive effects between pollutants and temperature or humidity to evaluate the environment-influenza association.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Luxi Xu, Ruijun Xu, Yunshao Ye, Rui Wang, Jing Wei, Chunxiang Shi, Qiaoxuan Lin, Ziquan Lv, Suli Huang, Qi Tian, Yuewei Liu
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of ambient air pollution on hospital admissions for angina. The results showed that exposure to ambient particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone are associated with an increased risk of hospital admissions for angina. The association with nitrogen dioxide exposure was found to be the strongest.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Xinyu Yu, Man Sing Wong, Majid Nazeer, Zhengqiang Li, Coco Yin Tung Kwok
Summary: This study proposes a novel method to address the challenge of missing values in satellite-derived AOD products and creates a comprehensive daily AOD dataset for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. By reconstructing missing values and developing a new model, the derived dataset outperforms existing products and agrees well with ground-based observations. Additionally, the dataset exhibits consistent temporal patterns and more spatial details.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yidan Zhang, Yifan Xu, Bo Peng, Wu Chen, Xiaoyu Cui, Tianle Zhang, Xi Chen, Yuan Yao, Mingjin Wang, Junyi Liu, Mei Zheng, Tong Zhu
Summary: This study developed a sensitive method to measure the metallic components of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and compared the results with different analysis methods. The concentrations of metallic components in personal PM2.5 samples were found to be significantly different from corresponding fixed-site samples. Personal sampling can reduce exposure misclassifications, and measuring metallic components is useful for exploring health risks and identifying sources of PM2.5.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Jamie Leonard, Lea Ann El Rassi, Mona Abdul Samad, Samantha Prehn, Sanjay K. Mohanty
Summary: Increasing concentrations of microplastics in the Earth's atmosphere could have adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. The deposition rate of airborne microplastics is influenced by both land use and climate, and a global analysis suggests that climate may have a greater impact on the concentration and deposition rate of microplastics than land use.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Tian Zhou, Xiaowen Zhou, Zining Yang, Carmen Cordoba-Jabonero, Yufei Wang, Zhongwei Huang, Pengbo Da, Qiju Luo, Zhijuan Zhang, Jinsen Shi, Jianrong Bi, Hocine Alikhodja
Summary: This study investigated the long-range transport and effects of North African and Middle Eastern dust in East Asia using lidar observations and model simulations. The results showed that the dust originated from multiple sources and had a long transport time. The vertical distribution of the dust was found to be crucial for assessing its impacts.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
