Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Danieli F. Buccini, Beatriz C. Roriz, Julia M. Rodrigues, Octavio L. Franco
Summary: Antimicrobial peptides are important molecules in the organism's defense system. They can modulate the immune system and recognize molecules present in pathogens. Overstimulation of TLR4 can lead to uncontrolled inflammatory responses, which can be counteracted by antimicrobial peptides.
FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Diana Talipova, Aiganym Smagulova, Dimitri Poddighe
Summary: This review discusses the potential role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immunopathogenesis of CD. Although evidence from basic research is limited, differences in TLR expression and activation have been observed between active CD patients and controls or treated CD patients in some clinical studies. Therefore, TLRs may be part of the non-HLA-related genetic factors implicated in CD pathogenesis, considering their potential role in the interaction between the host immune system and environmental factors.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Alessandro Di Cerbo, Sara Giusti, Francesca Mariotti, Andrea Spaterna, Giacomo Rossi, Gian Enrico Magi
Summary: The study found that the expression level of TLR4 in the skin of dogs with discoid lupus erythematous (DLE) was significantly higher than that in normal skin, indicating a potential important role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mengna Li, Hao Chen, Minxiao Wang, Zhaoshan Zhong, Hao Wang, Li Zhou, Huan Zhang, Chaolun Li
Summary: The study suggests that GpTLR13 may be involved in the immune recognition of symbiotic methane-oxidizing bacteria in Bathymodiolinae mussels. Through analysis of the molecular structure and expression pattern of GpTLR13, as well as the changes in transcript levels during a symbiont-depletion assay, this hypothesis is further supported.
Review
Immunology
Michal Scur, Brendon D. Parsons, Sayanti Dey, Andrew P. Makrigiannis
Summary: Our understanding of CTLRs has expanded beyond their initial roles in pathogen recognition, now encompassing scavenger receptor activity, cell death and cell transformation sensing, and immune response regulation. The diversity in expression and signaling activity among individual CTLR members, as well as the discovery of new receptor binding capabilities and interactions, cellular expression profiles, and receptor structures and signaling mechanisms, has revealed the defining roles of CTLRs in immunity. NK cell receptors, specifically the NKRP1 family of CTLRs, exemplify this functional diversity, displaying essential immune functions beyond NK cells. It is crucial to better understand the functional potential of these receptor families in immune defense and pathology, given the ever-expanding evidence for their involvement in various biological processes.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Li Chen, Shi-qi Cao, Ze-min Lin, Shi-jun He, Jian-ping Zuo
Summary: Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysregulation of the immune system, with NLRs playing essential roles in various diseases. NLR proteins recognize specific molecular patterns to regulate immune response pathways.
ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Medicinal
Maria Bzowka, Weronika Bagrowska, Artur Gora
Summary: In this review, we summarize how computational solutions have contributed to a better understanding of TLRs in recent years, including their function, mechanism of action, small-molecule modulators, next-generation vaccine design, and studies of the dynamic nature of TLRs. We also highlight the remaining unsolved problems.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND MODELING
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Cassio Luiz Coutinho Almeida-da-Silva, Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio, Robson Coutinho-Silva, David M. Ojcius
Summary: The innate immune system in vertebrates and invertebrates relies on conserved receptors and ligands, and pathways to initiate a rapid response against microbial infections and other sources of stress and danger. Research on NOD-like receptors (NLRs) has advanced in the past two decades, providing insight into the ligands and conditions that activate NLRs, as well as the outcomes of NLR activation in cells and animals. NLRs play crucial roles in diverse functions, such as transcription of MHC molecules and initiation of inflammation, and their activation can be direct or indirect depending on the ligands involved. Future discoveries will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular details and physiological consequences of NLR activation.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Microbiology
Nathan P. Manes, Aleksandra Nita-Lazar
Summary: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) serve as the front line of defense against pathogens. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of PRR signaling is crucial for developing therapeutics for diseases such as sepsis and COVID-19.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Karen S. Coutinho-Wolino, Patricia P. Almeida, Denise Mafra, Milena B. Stockler-Pinto
Summary: Chronic inflammation is linked to the development and progression of various non-communicable diseases, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a crucial role in chronic inflammation. Bioactive compounds have the potential to modulate the TLR4 pathway and alleviate inflammation.
NUTRITION RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka
Summary: The skin acts as a physical barrier and toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a role in both infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. In atopic dermatitis (AD), skin barrier dysfunction allows stimuli to penetrate the skin and activate the innate immune system, leading to inflammation.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Stephen W. Bickler, David M. Cauvi, Kathleen M. Fisch, James M. Prieto, Alicia G. Sykes, Hariharan Thangarajah, David A. Lazar, Romeo C. Ignacio, Dale R. Gerstmann, Allen F. Ryan, Philip E. Bickler, Antonio De Maio
Summary: By analyzing genome-wide RNA-seq profiles from human dermal fibroblasts, it was found that extremes of age are associated with increased expression of certain genes that may interact with SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Therefore, assessing the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) could provide a strategy for stratifying the risk of severe COVID-19 at both individual and population levels.
BMC MEDICAL GENOMICS
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Maryam Nemati, Ehsan Salarkia, Sonal Yadav, Najmeh Aminizadeh, Sara Jafarzadeh, Manisha Yadav
Summary: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasomes are important in recognizing and responding to pathogens and injured cells in the urogenital system. Trichomonas vaginalis components can be recognized by different TLRs and inflammasomes, leading to immune responses and inflammation in the cervicovaginal mucosa. Understanding the role of TLRs and inflammasomes in trichomoniasis is crucial for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies.
PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Qihang Zhao, Qiang Wang, Tengjiao Wang, Junfang Xu, Tingting Li, Qiuyan Liu, Qinghua Yao, Pin Wang
Summary: PRR family plays a crucial role in the prognosis of cancer, especially in skin cutaneous melanoma. The Cox model based on PRRs has better prognostic potential than individual PRRs. Risk scores indicate immune cell infiltration and activity, suggesting PRRs could be indicators for immune therapy.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Critical Care Medicine
Sahil Gupta, James N. Tsoporis, Song-Hui Jia, Claudia C. dos Santos, Thomas G. Parker, John C. Marshall
Summary: This article discusses how host cells recognize danger signals using pattern recognition receptors, focusing on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as the most studied class of PRRs. It reviews the expression, regulation, and function of different TLRs, emphasizing TLR-4, and how TLR adaptor protein binding directs intracellular signaling to activate or terminate an innate immune response. The recent progress in research on the involvement of S100 proteins as ligands for TLR-4 in inflammatory disease is also highlighted.
Review
Neurosciences
Mobina Amanollahi, Melika Jameie, Arash Heidari, Nima Rezaei
Summary: Adult neurogenesis plays a critical role in various neurological disorders, and neuroinflammation is a key factor that can affect this process by regulating multiple steps of neurogenesis. Understanding the effects of immune components on adult neurogenesis can provide insights into potential therapeutic candidates for these disorders.
MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Virology
Amene Saghazadeh, Nima Rezaei
Summary: An immunocompromised status increases the risk of monkeypox virus infection and severe disease, highlighting the importance of immune competence for controlling and clearing the virus. Studies have shown various effects of monkeypox virus on the immune system, including stimulation, modulation, and memory, affecting immune cells and molecules such as natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, cytokines, interferons, chemokines, and complement.
REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Review
Hematology
Hanieh Kolahi Azar, Aylar Imanpour, Hanieh Rezaee, Fatemeh Ezzatifar, Zeinab Zarei-Behjani, Mohammadreza Rostami, Mahmoud Azami, Nima Behestizadeh, Nima Rezaei
Summary: This article discusses the importance of two core elements, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, in cell therapy procedures. It analyzes multiple parameters that affect cell homing and the impact of several chemokines in the tumor microenvironment on the homing process. Emerging comprehensive mechanistic strategies and their significant role in cell therapy remodeling are reviewed, and the development of combination therapies incorporating MSCs and CAR-T cells for cancer treatment is discussed.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Niloufar Yazdanpanah, Arezou Rezaei, Vahid Ziaee, Nima Rezaei
Summary: Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) is a complex disorder with unclear causes. Environmental factors, genetic factors, and immune system dysregulation are believed to play a role in JSLE etiology. The NLRP3 inflammasome, an important mediator of inflammation, is thought to be involved in JSLE etiology. This study found that the CT genotype of the NLRP3 rs3806265 gene was more common in patients with JSLE compared to healthy controls.
IMMUNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Maryam Noori, Farimah Fayyaz, Nima Rezaei
Summary: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the authors found that Helicobacter pylori infection reduces the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with cancer. The infection is associated with reduced overall survival, progression-free survival, and increased rate of disease progression. These findings suggest that H. pylori infection status could serve as a potential biomarker for predicting the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Review
Immunology
Gita Manzari Tavakoli, Mohammad Hossein Mirzapour, Sepideh Razi, Nima Rezaei
Summary: Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, has been extensively studied for the development of efficient treatments. Surgical resection, targeted therapies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors are the best approaches for treating early and advanced/metastatic melanoma. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death pathway, and its inducers have shown potential in overcoming resistance to conventional therapies in advanced/metastatic melanoma. This review discusses the mechanisms of ferroptosis, its environmental triggers, and its implications for the treatment of melanoma.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Soren Nooraei, Alireza Sarkar Lotfabadi, Milad Akbarzadehmoallemkolaei, Nima Rezaei
Summary: Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing and reducing the impact of infectious diseases in animals and humans. Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune response and can improve the body's immune reactions. Nanoparticles have shown promise as more effective adjuvants due to their ability to target antigen-presenting cells and easily cross biological barriers.
Article
Allergy
Negar Moradian, Samaneh Zoghi, Elham Rayzan, Simin Seyedpour, Raul Jimenez Heredia, Kaan Boztug, Nima Rezaei
Summary: This article reports a male patient with SCN4 caused by G6PC3 gene deficiency, manifested as recurrent bacterial infections and multi-systemic complications, and showed rare large platelets on peripheral blood smear. The authors recommend considering G6PC3 gene mutation in cases of congenital, unexplained neutropenia.
ALLERGY ASTHMA AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Allergy
Soodeh Ghadimi, Mahnaz Jamee, Hassan Abolhassani, Nima Parvaneh, Nima Rezaei, Samaneh Delavari, Mahnaz Sadeghi-Shabestari, Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei, Alireza Fahimzad, Shahnaz Armin, Zahra Chavoshzadeh, Samin Sharafian
Summary: DCLRE1C gene mutation leads to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) with recurrent infections, impaired immune system development, and radiosensitivity. This study identified 9 Iranian patients with confirmed DCLRE1C mutation, most of whom were born in consanguineous families. The patients presented with early-onset respiratory tract infections, chronic diarrhea, and autoimmune disorders, along with reduced B cell and CD4+ cell counts and IgA deficiency.
ALLERGY ASTHMA AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Rheumatology
Parnian Shobeiri, Saba Maleki, Mobina Amanollahi, Amirhossein Habibzadeh, Antonio L. Teixeira, Nima Rezaei
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the blood BDNF levels in patients with SLE. The meta-analysis of 8 studies showed no significant differences in blood BDNF concentrations between SLE patients and healthy controls. Further high-quality studies are needed to explore the potential role and relevance of BDNF in SLE.
ADVANCES IN RHEUMATOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Mohammad Varzandeh, Leila Sabouri, Vahid Mansouri, Maliheh Gharibshahian, Nima Beheshtizadeh, Michael R. Hamblin, Nima Rezaei
Summary: Radiosensitizers are compounds or nanostructures that enhance the effectiveness of ionizing radiation in killing cells. They increase the susceptibility of cancer cells to radiation-induced killing while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. This review discusses various nano-radiosensitizers and their combinations with other cancer therapies, highlighting the benefits, drawbacks, challenges, and future prospects.
BIOENGINEERING & TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Oncology
Kimia Kazemzadeh, Sadra Behrouzieh, Nima Rezaei
Summary: This article reviews the potential immune-related side effects of immunotherapy in treating leukemia, including effects on different body systems such as cardiovascular and neurologic systems. Being aware of these side effects can lead to better clinical decision-making and proactive management in case of occurrence.
EXPERT REVIEW OF ANTICANCER THERAPY
(2023)
Review
Oncology
Sara Mahdiabadi, Sara Momtazmanesh, Amirali Karimi, Nima Rezaei
Summary: This study conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for metastatic melanoma. The results showed that ICIs are associated with improved overall survival and can assist clinicians in choosing the optimal treatment approach.
EXPERT REVIEW OF ANTICANCER THERAPY
(2023)
Review
Virology
Hanie Karimi, Vahid Mansouri, Nima Rezaei
Summary: This paper discusses the hypothesis of antibody transmission through the placenta and breast milk following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination, while considering the potential harm and benefits to the fetus/infant.
Review
Neurosciences
Ghazaleh Ghaffaripour Jahromi, Sepideh Razi, Nima Rezaei
Summary: This comprehensive review explores the pathophysiological models of depression and the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome activation and depression. By adopting the inflammatory theory, the central role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in depression is explained and supported by evidence from human studies and animal models. The activation of the inflammasome is not limited to the central nervous system, but extends to the gut and peripheral immune systems, affecting the balance of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.