Singlet Fission for Photovoltaics with 130% Injection Efficiency

A novel pentacene dimer (P2) and a structurally analogous monomer (P1) were synthesized for use in n-type dye-sensitized solar cells. In P2, the triplet excited states formed by the rapid, spin-allowed process singlet fission were expected to enable carrier multiplication in comparison to the slow, spin-forbidden intersystem crossing seen in P1. A meta-positioning of the two pentacenes and the carboxylate anchor were chosen in P2 to balance the intramolecular dynamics of singlet fission and electron injection. Electron injection from energetically low-lying triplet excited states of pentacene units necessitated the intrinsic and extrinsic lowering of the Fermi level of the semiconductor. Indium-zinc oxide in the presence of Li+ was found to be the optimum choice for the photoelectrodes. Efficient electron injection from the triplet excited states of P1 and P2 was found, with a carrier multiplication of nearly 130%.