Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Volume 315, Issue 2, Pages H216-H232Publisher
AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00060.2018
Keywords
enkephalin; glycolysis; mitochondrial permeability transition; myocardial ischemia; nitric oxide; protein kinase; reactive oxygen species; sarcoplasmic reticulum
Funding
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research [047-014-016]
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research [03-04-49065, 07-04-00650, 10-04-00980]
- Russian Science Foundation [17-15-013418]
- US National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [R21 AT-003598]
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute [R01 HL-064785, R01 HL-071684]
- National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke [R01 NS-076975]
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The calibrated application of limited-duration, cyclic, moderately intense hypoxia-reoxygenation increases cardiac resistance to ischemia-reperfusion stress. These intermittent hypoxic conditioning (IHC) programs consistently produce striking reductions in myocardial infarction and ventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion and, in many cases, improve contractile function and coronary blood flow. These IHC protocols are fundamentally different from those used to simulate sleep apnea, a recognized cardiovascular risk factor. In clinical studies, IHC improved exercise capacity and decreased arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery or pulmonary disease and produced robust, persistent, antihypertensive effects in patients with essential hypertension. The protection afforded by IHC develops gradually and depends on beta-adrenergic, delta-opioidergic, and reactive oxygen-nitrogen signaling pathways that use protein kinases and adaptive transcription factors. In summary, adaptation to intermittent hypoxia offers a practical, largely unrecognized means of protecting myocardium from impending ischemia. The myocardial and perhaps broader systemic protection provided by IHC clearly merits further evaluation as a discrete intervention and as a potential complement to conventional pharmaceutical and surgical interventions.
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