Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM
Volume 315, Issue 1, Pages E99-E109Publisher
AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00005.2018
Keywords
brain; estrogen; FSH; gut microbiome; menopausal symptoms; progesterone
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Funding
- Traditional Culture Convergence Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) - Ministry of Science and ICT [NRF-2016M3C1B5907049]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF-2015R1D1A3A01019577]
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We evaluated the effects of intracerebroventricular administration (ICV) of brain estrogen and progesterone on menopausal symptoms and their effects on the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in estrogen-deficient rats. Three weeks after ovariectomy (OVX) or sham operation, OVX rats were given ICV infusions of either 17 beta-estradiol (4 mu g/day; ICV-E), progesterone(0.8 mu g/day; ICV-P), or vehicle (control) for 4 wk. OVX rats in the positive-control group were orally provided 150 mu g 17 beta-estradiol.kg body wt(-1).day(-1). Sham rats had ICV vehicle infusion (normal-control). Serum 17 beta-estradiol levels of ICV-E and ICV-P groups were higher than the control group but much lower than the normal- and positive-control groups. Tail skin temperature was higher in the control group than the other groups. Serum FSH and LH levels were much higher in the control group than positive- and normal-control groups, but ICV-E and ICV-P lowered the levels similar to the normal-control treatment. ICV-E and ICV-P prevented the decreased energy expenditure in OVX rats. Homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin resistance was lowered in the descending order of the control, positive-control, ICV-P, ICV-E, and normal-control treatments. The decreased bone mineral density was prevented by the positive-control. ICV-E, and ICV-P treatments. The control group exhibited decreased short-term memory and spatial memory compared with the other groups. Surprisingly, the control group exhibited a decreased richness of the gut microbiome compared with normal-control group, and ICV-E protected against the decrease the most. In conclusion, small amounts of brain estrogen and, to some extent, progesterone improved menopausal symptoms by decreasing serum FSH levels and maintaining the diversity of the gut microbiome in estrogen-deficient rats.
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