Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Volume 166, Issue 3, Pages 563-577Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23450
Keywords
sleep sites; social organization; strepsirhine
Categories
Funding
- Leverhulme Trust [RPG-084]
- People's Trust for Endangered Species
- National Geographic Society
- Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund
- Conservation International Primate Action Fund
- Cleveland Zoological Society and Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
- Primate Society of Great Britain Conservation Working Party
- Amersfoort Zoo
- Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation
- Zoo Atlanta
- Wildlife Trust
- Primate Conservation Inc.
- Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund: Zoologische Gesellschaft fur Arten-und Populationsschutz
- Columbus Zoo Aquarium
- Phoenix Zoo
- Sheldon Wildlife Trust
- Brevard Zoo
- Henry Doorly Zoo: Houston Zoo
- International Primate Protection League: Frederika Bremer Forbundet
- Iris Stipendiet
- Oxford Brookes University Departmental Research Scheme
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ObjectivesSynthesize information on sleep patterns, sleep site use, and daytime predation at sleep sites in lorisiforms of Asia and Africa (10 genera, 36 species), and infer patterns of evolution of sleep site selection. Materials and methodsWe conducted fieldwork in 12 African and six Asian countries, collecting data on sleep sites, timing of sleep and predation during daytime. We obtained additional information from literature and through correspondence. Using a phylogenetic approach, we established ancestral states of sleep site selection in lorisiforms and traced their evolution. ResultsThe ancestral lorisiform was a fur-clinger and used dense tangles and branches/forks as sleep sites. Use of tree holes and nests as sleep sites emerged approximate to 22 Mya (range 17-26 Mya) in Africa, and use of bamboo emerged approximate to 11 (7-14) Mya in Asia and later in Africa. Fur clinging and some sleep sites (e.g., tree holes, nests, but not bamboo or dense tangles) show strong phylogenetic signal. Nests are used by Galagoides, Paragalago, Galago and Otolemur; tree holes by Galago, Paragalago, Sciurocheirus and Perodicticus; tangles by Nycticebus, Loris, Galagoides, Galago, Euoticus, Otolemur, Perodicticus and Arctocebus; all but Sciurocheirus and Otolemur additionally sleep on branches/forks. Daytime predation may affect sleep site selection and sleep patterns in some species of Nycticebus, Galago, Galagoides, Otolemur and Perodicticus. Most lorisiforms enter their sleep sites around sunrise and leave around sunset; several are active during twilight or, briefly, during daytime. ConclusionVariations in sleep behavior, sleep patterns and vulnerability to daytime predation provide a window into the variation that was present in sleep in early primates. Overall, lorisiforms use the daytime for sleeping and no species can be classified as cathemeral or polycyclic.
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