Incorporating beta-cyclodextrin into collagen scaffolds to sequester growth factors and modulate mesenchymal stem cell activity

The development of biomaterials for a range of tissue engineering applications increasingly requires control over the bioavailability of biomolecular cues such as growth factors in order to promote desired cell responses. While efforts have predominantly concentrated on covalently-bound or freely-diffusible incorporation of biomolecules in porous, three-dimensional biomaterials, opportunities exist to exploit transient interactions to concentrate growth factor activity over desired time frames. Here, we report the incorporation of beta-cyclodextrin into a model collagen-GAG scaffold as a means to exploit the passive sequestration and release of growth factors via guest-host interactions to control mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Collagen-GAG scaffolds that incorporate beta-cyclodextrin show improved sequestration as well as extended retention and release of TGF-beta 1. We further show extended retention and release of TGF-beta 1 and BMP-2 from beta-cyclodextrin modified scaffolds was sufficient to influence the metabolic activity and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells as well as differential activation of Smad 2/3 and Smad 1/5/8 pathways associated with differential osteo-chondral differentiation. Further, gene expression analysis showed TGF-beta 1 release from beta-cyclodextrin CG scaffolds promoted early chondrogenic-specific differentiation. Ultimately, this work establishes a novel method for the incorporation and display of growth factors within CG scaffolds via supramolecular interactions. Such a design framework offers opportunities to selectively alter the bioavailability of multiple biomolecules within a three-dimensional collagen-GAG scaffold to enhance cell activity for a range of musculoskeletal regenerative medicine applications. Statement of Significance We describe the incorporation of beta-cyclodextrin into a model CG-scaffold under development for musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications. We show p-cyclodextrin modified scaffolds promote the sequestration of soluble TGF-beta 1 and BMP-2 via guest-host interactions, leading to extended retention and release. Further, beta-cyclodextrin modified CG scaffolds promote TGF-beta 1 or BMP-2 specific Smad signaling pathway activation associated with divergent osseous versus chondrogenic differentiation pathways in mesenchymal stem cells. (C) 2018 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.