4.4 Article

Friction Reduction through Ultrasonic Vibration Part 1: Modelling Intermittent Contact

Journal

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HAPTICS
Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages 196-207

Publisher

IEEE COMPUTER SOC
DOI: 10.1109/TOH.2017.2671432

Keywords

Tactile devices and display; tactile stimulator; squeeze film effect; ultrasonic devices; friction modulation; intermittent contact; Coulombic friction

Funding

  1. FP7 Marie Curie Initial Training Network PROTOTOUCH grant [317100]

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Ultrasonic vibration is employed to modify the friction of a finger pad in way that induces haptic sensations. A combination of intermittent contact and squeeze film levitation has been previously proposed as the most probable mechanism. In this paper, in order to understand the underlying principles that govern friction modulation by intermittent contact, numerical models based on finite element (FE) analysis and also a spring-Coulombic slider are developed. The physical input parameters for the FE model are optimized by measuring the contact phase shift between a finger pad and a vibrating plate. The spring-slider model assists in the interpretation of the FE model and leads to the identification of a dimensionless group that allows the calculated coefficient of friction to be approximately superimposed onto an exponential function of the dimensionless group. Thus, it is possible to rationalize the computed relative reduction in friction being (i) dependent on the vibrational amplitude, frequency, and the intrinsic coefficient of friction of the device, and the reciprocal of the exploration velocity, and (ii) independent of the applied normal force, and the shear and extensional elastic moduli of the finger skin provided that intermittent contact is sufficiently well developed. Experimental validation of the modelling using real and artificial fingertips will be reported in part 2 of this work, which supports the current modelling.

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