Ghrelin restores nitric oxide availability in resistance circulation of essential hypertensive patients: role of NAD(P)H oxidase

Aims We assessed whether acute intra-arterial infusion of exogenous ghrelin can improve endothelial dysfunction by restoring nitric oxide (NO) availability in the forearm microcirculation of essential hypertensive patients. The effect of ghrelin on endothelial dysfunction (pressurized myograph), vascular oxidative stress generation (fluorescent dihydroethidium), and phosphorylation of p47phox (western blot), an index of NAD(P)H oxidase activation, in isolated small arteries taken from essential hypertensive patients (subcutaneous biopsy) were also investigated. Methods and results In 18 normotensive control subjects and 18 essential hypertensive patients, we studied the forearm blood flow (strain-gauge plethysmography) response to intra-arterial acetylcholine, repeated under NO synthase inhibitor N-G-monomethyl- L-arginine (L-NMMA) or the antioxidant ascorbic acid. The protocol was repeated at the end of exogenous ghrelin intra-arterial infusion. In hypertensive patients, ghrelin normalized the blunted response to acetylcholine, restored the inhibiting effect of L-NMMA and abrogated the potentiating effect of ascorbic acid on acetylcholine. In controls, ghrelin failed to modify these vascular responses. In hypertensive patients, ghrelin decreased venous levels of malondialdehyde, lipoperoxide, and interleukin-6, and concomitantly increased endogenous antioxidant capacity. Small vessels from hypertensive patients showed an enhanced intravascular oxidative stress, which was strongly and similarly decreased by incubation with ghrelin, the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor gp91 ds-tat, or both. Ghrelin also normalized the overexpression of p47 phosphorylation and restored the NO availability in small vessels from hypertensive patients. Conclusions Exogenous ghrelin increases endothelial dysfunction by restoring NO availability in the forearm microcirculation of essential hypertensive patients, an effect ascribable to an antioxidant effect via inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activation.