Correlation between in vitro and in vivo assays in selection of probiotics from traditional species of bacteria

Background: In vitro selection tests such as exposure to low pH and bile salts, competitive exclusion of pathogens, adherence to cell lines and prokaryotic-eukaryotic co-cultures have been commonly used to predict the functional properties of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria for their use as probiotics. However, the correlation of in vitro results with in vivo performance remains obscure. Scope and approach: To review the current state of evidence linking in vitro predictions to in vivo outcomes in selecting probiotic candidates and to discuss the advantages and limitations of the various assays presently available. Key findings and conclusions: The successful use of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria as traditional probiotics is based on their occurrence in human milk, naturally fermented foods, in the gastrointestinal tract and feces of infants and adults as well as on their culturability, technological robustness and long history of safe use. The lack of standardized protocols for in vitro and in vivo studies hampers comparison of the potential of new species and strains. There is thus a need to conduct selection of potential probiotics in a more robust manner and to focus well-defined in vitro and in vivo studies to document health benefits. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.