Azadirachtin, a Neem-Derived Biopesticide, Impairs Behavioral and Hematological Parameters in Carp (Cyprinus Carpio)

Azadirachtin (Aza) is a promisor biopesticide used in organic production and aquaculture. Although this compound is apparently safe, there is evidence that it may have deleterious effects on fish. Behavioral and hematological tests are grouped into a set of parameters that may predict potential toxicity of chemical compounds. Here, we investigate the effects of Aza, in the commercial formulation Neenmax (TM), on carp (Cyprinus carpio) by defining LC50 (96 h), and testing behavioral and hematological parameters. In our study, LC50 was estimated at 80 mu L/L. We exposed carp to Aza at 20, 40, and 60 mu L/L, values based on 25, 50, and 75% of LC50, respectively. At 60 mu L/L, Aza promoted significant changes in several parameters, increasing the distance traveled and absolute turn angle. In addition, the same concentration decreased the time spent immobile and the number of immobile episodes. Hematological parameters, such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, hematimetrics index, and red cell distribution, were decreased at 60 mu L/L Aza exposure. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that 60 mu L/L Aza altered locomotor activity, motor pattern, and hematological parameters, suggesting potential toxicity to carp after acute exposure. In addition, this is the first report that evaluates the actions of a chemical contaminant using automated behavioral tracking of carp, which may be a useful tool for assessing the potential toxicity of biopesticides in conjunction with hematological tests. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.