4.7 Article

Estimated human excretion rates of natural estrogens calculated from their concentrations in raw municipal wastewater and its application

Journal

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
Volume 22, Issue 12, Pages 9554-9562

Publisher

SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4369-y

Keywords

Natural estrogens; Human excretion rates; Estimation; Municipal wastewater; Accuracy; Application

Funding

  1. Key Program of National Natural Science of China [41330639]
  2. Program for National Science Foundation of China [21107025]
  3. Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2014ZM0073]

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Natural estrogens are important endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), which may pose adverse effects on our environment. To avoid time-consuming sample preparation and chemical analysis, estimation of their concentrations in municipal wastewater based on their human urine/feces excretion rates has been generally adopted. However, the data of excretion rates available are very limited and show significant difference among countries. In the context of increasing reporting on the concentrations of natural estrogens in municipal wastewater around the world, this study presented a simple method to estimate their human excretion rates based on the concentrations of natural estrogens in raw sewage. The estimated human excretion rates of natural estrogens among ten countries were obtained, which totally covered over 33 million population. Among these, Brazilians had the largest excretion rates with estrone (E1) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) as 236.9 and 60 mu g/day/P, respectively, while Iran had the lowest value of 2 mu g/day/P for E1 and 0.5 mu g/day/P for E2. The average estimated human excretion rates of E1, E2, and estriol (E3) are 17.3, 6.4, and 39.7 mu g/day/P, respectively. When the estimated human excretion rates obtained were applied for prediction, the predicted results showed better accuracies than those based on human urinary/feces excretion rates. The method in this study is simple, cost-effective and time-saving, which may be widely applied.

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