Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 581, Issue -, Pages 782-793Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.009
Keywords
Contaminated soils; Holistic approach; Risk assessment; Earthworms; Physiologically based; Sequential extractions
Categories
Funding
- Southern Cross University (SW)
- Environmental Analytical Laboratory (EAL)
- Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering (AINSE)
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)
- Australian Synchrotron
- AINSE [ALNGRA13054, ALNGRA15042]
- Australian Synchrotron [AS142/XAS/7884]
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Bio-accessibility and bioavailability of arsenic (As) in historically As-contaminated soils (cattle tick pesticide), and pristine soils were assessed using 3 different approaches. These approaches included human bio-accessibility using an extraction test replicating gastric conditions (in vitro physiologically-based extraction test); an operationally defined bioaccessibility extraction test - 1.0 M HCl extraction; and a live organism bioaccumulation test using earthworms. A sequential extraction procedure revealed the soil As-pool that controls bio-accessibility and bioaccumulation of As. Findings show that As is strongly bound to historically contaminated soil with a lower degree of As bio-accessibility (<15%) and bioaccumulation (<9%) compared with freshly contaminated soil. Key to these lower degrees of bio-accessibility and bioaccumulation is the greater fraction of As associated with crystalline Fe/Aloxy-hjrclroxide and residual phases. The high bio-accessibility and bioaccumulation of freshly sorbed As in pristine soils were from the exchangeable and specifically sorbed As fractions. Arsenic bioaccumulation in earthworms correlates strongly with both the human bio-accessible, and the operationally defined bioavailable fractions. Hence, results suggest that indirect As bioavailability measures, such as accumulation by earthworm, can be used as complementary lines of evidence to reinforce site-wide trends in the bio-accessibility using in vitro physiologically-based extractions and/or operationally defined extraction test. Such detailed knowledge is useful for successful reclamation and management of the As contaminated soils. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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