The influence of sunlight and oxidative treatment on measured PAH concentrations in biochar

The concentration changes of 18 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two different biochars were assessed after (1) chemical oxidative treatment with a solution of H2O2 and Na2S2O8, (2) exposure to sunlight with intermittent wetting, and (3) exposure to sunlight with intermittent wetting after mixing in ZnO and Na2S2O8. Chemical oxidative treatment of biochars derived from gasified wood biochar and a gasified wood/Arundo donax mixture led to decreases in six-ring PAHs, but overall significant increases in measured PAH concentration sums for both biochars (from 225 +/- 7 to 312 +/- 18 mu g g(-1) for wood-derived and 165 +/- 3 to 244 +/- 7 mu g g(-1) for mixture-derived). Sunlight exposure of the mixture-derived biochar led to increases in some three- and four-ring PAHs, but overall decreases in summed PAH concentrations (165 +/- 3 to 60 +/- 1 mu g g(-1) with wetting only and 165 +/- 3 to 41 +/- 4 mu g g(-1) when Na2S2O8 and ZnO were included). The mass losses in the sunlight-exposed samples primarily were due to losses of low molar mass (two-ring) PAHs, though high molar mass (five- and six-ring) PAH concentrations also decreased. This result implies sun and rain exposure to biochar, prior to agricultural application, will help reduce potential PAH soil contamination from the biochar.