Unexplained recurrent early miscarriages: Role of immunomodulation?

About 1-3% of women experience early recurrent miscarriages, defined by >= 3 fetal loss before 14 weeks of gestation. About half of these recurrent early miscarriages could be related to a genetic cause. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is used in several European countries, but it is still prohibited in France except for couples at risk for transmission of severe genetic diseases. The immune dysregulation, and in particular allo-immune excessive response, could be responsible for fetal loss in remaining cases, although currently we lack biomarker to confirm the immune-mediated fetal loss. Several immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory treatments have been the subject of small studies in patients with early recurrent miscarriages. The available data do not allow to define the treatment recommendations in this topic, and further studies are necessary. (C) 2016 Societe Nationale Francaise de Medecine Interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.