Embodied rare earths flow between industrial sectors in China: A complex network approach

Both the direct and indirect need of rare earths (RE) as an important raw material has driven the transfer of RE between different sectors, forming a complex network of RE flows in the economy. However, previous studies have focused primarily on the direct use of RE and neglected the indirect effect and the network characteristics that greatly hinders the sustainable use of RE. To solve this problem, this paper builds an embodied RE network by combining both input-output analysis and complex network theory. By analyzing the clustering coefficient and the average path length of the network, we fmd that the embodied RE flow network can reveal the small world nature characteristics. Moreover, chemicals and the scrap sector are the strongest sectors of the direct effect, indirect effect and intermediate effect based on the comprehensive analysis of the network's degree centrality, eigenvector centrality, and betweenness centrality, respectively. Furthermore, the establishment of embodied RE flow relations is focused on the related sectors of infrastructure construction and the petrochemical industry based on the analysis of each sector's weighted edges that carry embodied RE flow. Furthermore, the 41 sectors of an embodied RE flow network can be divided into four industrial clusters that are related closely to each other. Among the clusters, the E & C cluster is the core of the entire network. Finally, we provide policy implications on the sustainable use of RE through industrial restructuring.