Article
Environmental Sciences
Kai Salm, Taavi Liblik, Urmas Lips
Summary: Modern research methods provide a higher resolution for understanding the structure of the water column, unveiling the significance of submesoscale processes. A glider mission in the Gulf of Finland in May 2018 revealed the appearance of a mesoscale front with smaller scale features. Tracer patterns indicated the presence of ageostrophic secondary circulation caused by the loss of upwelling-favorable forcing, and analysis showed favorable conditions for instability. Spatial spectra of tracer variance revealed depth-dependent slopes associated with the mesoscale front, indicating its contribution to the energy cascade.
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Oceanography
Ulo Suursaar
Summary: Traditionally, studies of upwelling in the Baltic Sea have focused on the period from May to September. However, recent research has shown clear evidence of winter upwelling events in the Gulf of Finland, with temperature and salinity variations positively correlated in winter upwelling events. The impacts on water temperature and sea ice conditions were found to be highly asymmetrical between the northern and southern parts of the gulf.
Article
Oceanography
Hedi Kanarik, Laura Tuomi, Jan-Victor Bjorkqvist, Tuomas Karna
Summary: Currents in the Baltic Sea are generally weak, but can grow high enough to affect surface wave propagation during strong winds. Wave-current interactions were evaluated using the WAM wave model, showing minimal overall changes to the wave field. Changes in significant wave height were small, occurring in specific areas for less than 3% of the time.
Article
Engineering, Marine
Sonia Ponce de Leon, C. Guedes Soares
Summary: The study examines the influence of the Gulf Stream on wind wave characteristics, finding that wave-current interaction inside the current can lead to significant inhomogeneities in the wave field. When waves and currents align and oppose inside the current, wave energy increases, resulting in a peaked and elongated spectrum. The Gulf Stream widens the spectrum angular distribution, with significant wave height increasing with current velocity once waves enter the Gulf Stream.
JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Patryk Sapiega, Tamara Zalewska, Piotr Struzik
Summary: The aim of the research was to implement the SWAN wave model in the Baltic area using meteorological data from the COSMO model, with emphasis on the southern regions. The validation of the model involved assessing the predictive performance of different formulas (West-huysen, Komen, Janssen, ST6) and verifying the wave forecast quality in two stages. The model calibration based on ST6 physics showed high correlation coefficients in the open sea zone and above 0.75 in the coastal zone.
ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE
(2023)
Article
Marine & Freshwater Biology
Nicole Delpeche-Ellmann, Andrea Giudici, Margus Ratsep, Tarmo Soomere
Summary: The study investigates the surface drift in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea from 2011 to 2018. It finds that the surface transport is asymmetric, with the prevailing direction out of the gulf against predominant winds. Drifter speeds are most frequently in the range of 0.05-0.15 m/s and wave heights are mostly less than 0.5m. Rapid drifter motions are at times influenced by other processes and not solely wind and waves.
ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Mohammad Adibzade, Mehdi Shafieefar, Hassan Akbari, Roozbeh Panahi
Summary: The study modeled multi-peaked directional wave spectra using a maximum likelihood method and a gradient OQNLP algorithm for numerical optimization, with added constraints to improve fitting accuracy. Selecting appropriate frequency and directional function models significantly improved performance. Among the evaluated models, JONSWAP Sech(2) and Gamma Sech(2) models showed about 25% better accuracy in the frequency domain and about 10% better accuracy in the full directional domain compared to the JONSWAP Cos(2s) model.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Ekaterina Chernova, Zoya Zhakovskaya, Nadezhda Berezina
Summary: This study is the first investigation of pharmaceutical distribution in the Russian part of the Baltic Sea, revealing the presence of various pharmaceutical compounds in seawater and sediment. Specific features of the Gulf of Finland, including the megacity of St. Petersburg and freshwater input from the Neva River, were identified as important factors influencing the distribution of pharmaceutical concentrations.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Geography
Olga Kovaleva, Alexander Sergeev, Daria Ryabchuk
Summary: This study assesses the vulnerability of the coastal zone to erosion in the easternmost area of the Gulf of Finland using a coastal vulnerability index (CVI), providing valuable information for coastal management.
Article
Engineering, Geological
Daria Ryabchuk, Alexander Sergeev, Evgeny Burnashev, Viktor Khorikov, Igor Neevin, Olga Kovaleva, Leonid Budanov, Vladimir Zhamoida, Aleksandr Danchenkov
Summary: The monitoring results of the coastal zone in the Russian Baltic show a high intensity and recent acceleration of coastal dynamics due to extreme hydrodynamic events and anthropogenic impacts, with different effects on shoreline recession in different areas, depending on geology and climate factors.
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Oceanography
Rui Li, Kejian Wu, Jingkai Li, Xianghui Dong, Jian Sun, Wenqing Zhang, Qingxiang Liu
Summary: This study analyzed the spatial characteristics of wind waves and swells in the Indian Ocean using the ERA-5 40-year reanalysis data set. The study found a strong correlation between zonal surface Stokes drift and wind waves, as well as a strong correlation between the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and surface Stokes drift. The depth-integrated wave transport was also found to have a significant impact on sea surface temperature.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Eva Kumar, Jani Koponen, Panu Rantakokko, Riikka Airaksinen, Paivi Ruokojarvi, Hannu Kiviranta, Pekka J. Vuorinen, Timo Myllyla, Marja Keina, Jari Raitaniemi, Jaakko Mannio, Ville Junttila, Janne Nieminen, Eija-Riitta Vena, Marika Jestoi
Summary: Occurrence and distribution of PFAAs are widespread in the environment, especially in fish meat. The concentration of PFAAs differs between fish from the Baltic Sea and Finnish lakes. Moderate consumption of Baltic Sea fish may result in PFAAs exposure exceeding safety thresholds.
Article
Engineering, Marine
Alvise Benetazzo, Francesco Barbariol, Paolo Pezzutto, Joanna Staneva, Arno Behrens, Silvio Davison, Filippo Bergamasco, Mauro Sclavo, Luigi Cavaleri
Summary: The study aims to improve the estimate of extreme waves in oceanic wave models, through comparing the performance of the WAM and WAVEWATCH III models under different parametrization conditions, evaluating wave conditions in the Adriatic and North Seas, and emphasizing the crucial role of accurate significant wave height in extreme wave modeling.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Martin Simon, Sander Rikka, Sven Nomm, Victor Alari
Summary: This article proposes the use of long-short-term memory (LSTM) deep learning models to transform Sentinel-1 A/B interferometric wide (IW) swath image data into wave density spectra. Coastal areas have not received enough attention in terms of spectral wave estimation methods for synthetic aperture radar data. The application of the LSTM model allows the transformation of the one-dimensional image spectrum into wave density spectra.
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Maris Skudra, Germo Vali, Anda Ikauniece, Miks Papirtis
Summary: This study investigates the upwelling events in the Gulf of Riga, with findings indicating that upwellings are less frequent but longer lasting with larger temperature drops on the eastern coast compared to the western coast. Variability in upwelling characteristics was observed between stations only 30 km apart on the western coast, possibly due to different orientations of the coastline. Satellite data also revealed small upwelling events forming along specific sections of the western coastline. Additionally, it was found that 30% of the upwelling events exhibited an immediate temperature increase following the minimum temperature, suggesting a relationship with a distinct change in wind direction. Simulation results showed smaller density and salinity gradients on the sea surface in the Gulf of Riga compared to larger Baltic Sea gulfs, indicating weaker conditions for baroclinic instabilities and contributing to faster upwelling relaxation in the basin.
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Konstantinos Christakos, Jan-Victor Bjorkqvist, Laura Tuomi, Birgitte R. Furevik, Oyvind Breivik
Summary: This study investigates the performance of three different wave model source term packages in narrow fetch geometries, with the results indicating that the saturation-based approach of SWAN performs best in fjord systems. ST6 shows the highest sensitivity to fetch geometry and local wind changes, with all packages overestimating wave energy in narrow fetch geometry without swell.
Article
Oceanography
Hedi Kanarik, Laura Tuomi, Jan-Victor Bjorkqvist, Tuomas Karna
Summary: Currents in the Baltic Sea are generally weak, but can grow high enough to affect surface wave propagation during strong winds. Wave-current interactions were evaluated using the WAM wave model, showing minimal overall changes to the wave field. Changes in significant wave height were small, occurring in specific areas for less than 3% of the time.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Marcello Passaro, Felix L. Mueller, Julius Oelsmann, Laura Rautiainen, Denise Dettmering, Michael G. Hart-Davis, Adili Abulaitijiang, Ole B. Andersen, Jacob L. Hoyer, Kristine S. Madsen, Ida Margrethe Ringgaard, Jani Saerkkae, Rory Scarrott, Christian Schwatke, Florian Seitz, Laura Tuomi, Marco Restano, Jerome Benveniste
Summary: This study analyzes the absolute sea level trend in the Baltic Sea from May 1995 to May 2019 using satellite altimetry data and assesses the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation and wind patterns on sea level trends and variability. The results show a statistically significant rise in sea level across the entire study region, with a higher increase in winter compared to summer, and differences in sea level rise gradient between different sub-basins. The study highlights the utility of enhanced satellite altimetry products for local sea level studies in regions with complex coastlines or sea-ice coverage.
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Konstantinos Christakos, Jan-Victor Bjorkqvist, Oyvind Breivik, Laura Tuomi, Birgitte R. Furevik, Jon Albretsen
Summary: This study investigates the effect of surface currents on wind-generated waves in a complex coastal system with narrow fjords. The results show that current forcing improves wave simulations, with wave height estimates improving by 12% at locations dominated by wind sea, and spectral characteristics and shape being enhanced with current forcing.
Article
Oceanography
Oyvind Breivik, Ana Carrasco, Hilde Haakenstad, Ole Johan Aarnes, Arno Behrens, Jean-Raymond Bidlot, Jan-Victor Bjorkqvist, Patrik Bohlinger, Birgitte R. Furevik, Joanna Staneva, Magnar Reistad
Summary: As atmospheric models increase in resolution, there is a need to adjust wave models for stronger winds. By implementing a new Charnock parameterization method, wave height bias in high-wind conditions can be reduced. The new model performs better and provides more realistic simulations compared to previous versions.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Veronica Gonzalez-Gambau, Estrella Olmedo, Antonio Turiel, Cristina Gonzalez-Haro, Aina Garcia-Espriu, Justino Martinez, Pekka Alenius, Laura Tuomi, Rafael Catany, Manuel Arias, Carolina Gabarro, Nina Hoareau, Marta Umbert, Roberto Sabia, Diego Fernandez
Summary: This paper presents the first dedicated products for Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) over the Baltic Sea. These products overcome technical challenges and provide important data for understanding salinity dynamics in the region.
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA
(2022)
Review
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
H. E. Markus Meier, Madline Kniebusch, Christian Dieterich, Matthias Groeger, Eduardo Zorita, Ragnar Elmgren, Kai Myrberg, Markus P. Ahola, Alena Bartosova, Erik Bonsdorff, Florian Boergel, Rene Capell, Ida Carlen, Thomas Carlund, Jacob Carstensen, Ole B. Christensen, Volker Dierschke, Claudia Frauen, Morten Frederiksen, Elie Gaget, Anders Galatius, Jari J. Haapala, Antti Halkka, Gustaf Hugelius, Birgit Huenicke, Jaak Jaagus, Mart Jussi, Jukka Kayhko, Nina Kirchner, Erik Kjellstrom, Karol Kulinski, Andreas Lehmann, Goran Lindstrom, Wilhelm May, Paul A. Miller, Volker Mohrholz, Barbel Muller-Karulis, Diego Pavon-Jordan, Markus Quante, Marcus Reckermann, Anna Rutgersson, Oleg P. Savchuk, Martin Stendel, Laura Tuomi, Markku Viitasalo, Ralf Weisse, Wenyan Zhang
Summary: This study summarises and assesses the effects of global warming on past and future climate changes in the Baltic Sea region based on recent assessment reports and literature. While the main conclusions from earlier assessments still remain valid, new observational records and improved models have provided a better understanding of changes in certain variables and the influence of natural variability. However, challenges remain in attributing observed changes in marine ecosystems to climate change and reconciling differences in cloudiness trends between global and regional models.
EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Milla M. Johansson, Jan-Victor Bjorkqvist, Jani Sarkka, Ulpu Leijala, Kimmo K. Kahma
Summary: Both sea level variations and wind-generated waves affect coastal flooding risks, and their correlation complicates the estimates of their joint effect on water levels. Seasonal sea ice in the Baltic Sea further influences the situation. We analyzed 28 years of sea level data and 4 years of wave buoy measurements to study this correlation.
NATURAL HAZARDS AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Anna Rutgersson, Erik Kjellstrom, Jari Haapala, Martin Stendel, Irina Danilovich, Martin Drews, Kirsti Jylha, Pentti Kujala, Xiaoli Guo Larsen, Kirsten Halsnaes, Ilari Lehtonen, Anna Luomaranta, Erik Nilsson, Taru Olsson, Jani Sarkka, Laura Tuomi, Norbert Wasmund
Summary: Natural hazards are extreme events that occur naturally and have negative effects on people and the environment. Understanding their causes, likelihood, and consequences helps society be better prepared and develop adaptation strategies. In the Baltic Sea region, natural hazards related to climate change are identified as a significant challenge. This study summarizes existing knowledge about extreme events in the region, including storms, waves, sea level changes, floods, and their implications for society and ecosystems.
EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Antti Westerlund, Elina Miettunen, Laura Tuomi, Pekka Alenius
Summary: Water exchange through the Aland Sea greatly affects the environmental conditions in the Gulf of Bothnia. This study presents a 3D hydrodynamic model for the Aland Sea and uses it to study water exchange and volume transports in the area. The model reproduced current direction distributions and provided new details about water transport.
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Jan-Victor Bjorkqvist, Siim Part, Victor Alari, Sander Rikka, Elisa Lindgren, Laura Tuomi
Summary: The study found that in the semi-enclosed Baltic Sea, swell waves are generally low, averaging less than 2 meters, with short-term high swells mainly concentrated in limited nearshore areas. Swell waves are typically short in nearshore areas, while in open-sea areas, swell energy ratios are relatively low.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Tuomas Karna, Patrik Ljungemyr, Saeed Falahat, Ida Ringgaard, Lars Axell, Vasily Korabel, Jens Murawski, Ilja Maljutenko, Anja Lindenthal, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Svetlana Verjovkina, Ina Lorkowski, Priidik Lagemaa, Jun She, Laura Tuomi, Adam Nord, Vibeke Huess
Summary: This paper describes Nemo-Nordic 2.0, an operational marine model for the Baltic Sea, which is used for both near-real-time forecasts and hindcast purposes. The model is based on the NEMO circulation model and previous configurations, with notable updates to improve its representation of inflow events. Validation against observations and ice chart data shows that the model can reproduce the hydrographic features of the Baltic Sea successfully.
GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT
(2021)