Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hironobu Asao
Summary: IL-21 is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and is mainly produced by CD4(+) T cells. It is important for the activation of CD8(+) T cells and has been shown to help recover the function of exhausted CD8(+) T cells caused by chronic microbial infections and cancer.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Leo Swadling, Mala K. Maini
Summary: Despite the infectious nature of SARS-CoV-2, some individuals resist developing detectable infections, suggesting the occurrence of abortive infections. This type of infection is a desirable outcome as it prevents disease development and allows for the study of highly effective immunity. The identification of abortive infections using sensitive immunoassays and transcriptomic signatures is challenging, but there is evidence supporting their occurrence in various viral infections. Furthermore, the role of T cells in terminating early viral replication in abortive infections needs to be considered.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Virology
Julia M. DeRogatis, Emily N. Neubert, Karla M. Viramontes, Monique L. Henriquez, Dequina A. Nicholas, Roberto Tinoco
Summary: CD38 expression regulates the survival and metabolism of CD8(+) T cells during acute and chronic viral infections. Higher CD38 levels are observed during chronic infection, leading to T cell exhaustion. CD38 has a dual cell-intrinsic function in limiting proliferation and function while promoting the survival of CD8(+) T cells.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Medicinal
Md Amir Hossain, Guilai Liu, Beiying Dai, Yaxuan Si, Qitao Yang, Junaid Wazir, Lutz Birnbaumer, Yong Yang
Summary: Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment in recent years, but many patients still exhibit limited responses to treatment strategies. Much attention is being given to targeting exhausted CD8(+)T cells to develop new immunotherapeutic approaches. Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms governing CD8(+)T-cell exhaustion are being explored to overcome limitations in treatment.
MEDICINAL RESEARCH REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Virology
Aron Balazs Ulbert, Matyas Bhurka, Anett Magyari, Zita Turi, Edit Hajdu, Katalin Burian, Gabriella Terhes
Summary: In this study, the epidemiological features of HEV infections among patients in various departments of a university hospital in Hungary were determined. The study found a high seroprevalence of HEV IgG antibodies in adult and elderly patients.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Parisa Shiri Aghbash, Nima Hemmat, Javid Sadri Nahand, Ali Shamekh, Mohammad Yousef Memar, Abouzar Babaei, Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
Summary: This review provides an overview of recent advances in understanding the function of Th17 cells and their produced cytokines in viral diseases. It emphasizes the role of these cells in immune responses, chronic inflammation, tumor growth, and progression of viral diseases. Further research is needed to fully comprehend the immune mechanisms of Th17 cells in various viral diseases.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Orianne Constant, Ghizlane Maarifi, Fabien P. Blanchet, Philippe van de Perre, Yannick Simonin, Sara Salinas
Summary: This review highlights the important contribution of dendritic cells in the development and consequences of viral brain infections.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Sacha Horn, Manuel Ritter, Kathrin Arndts, Dennis Borrero-Wolff, Anna Wiszniewsky, Linda Batsa Debrah, Alexander Y. Debrah, Jubin Osei-Mensah, Mkunde Chachage, Achim Hoerauf, Inge Kroidl, Laura E. Layland
Summary: Over 200 million people worldwide are infected with filariae, causing severe symptoms and disability. This study found that lymphatic filariasis patients have distinct subsets of exhausted T cells, with increased expression of exhaustion-associated receptors on CD4(+) T cells. These patterns of T cell exhaustion may have implications for susceptibility to co-infections and the management of lymphatic filariasis.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Hoyoung Lee, Min Kyung Jung, Ji Yun Noh, Su-Hyung Park, Yeonseok Chung, Sang-Jun Ha, Eui-Cheol Shin
Summary: The first conference on 'Infection and Immunity' focused on the biology of CD8+ T cells in the context of viral disease and cancer.
Article
Immunology
Hoyoung Lee, Min Kyung Jung, Ji Yun Noh, Su-Hyung Park, Yeonseok Chung, Sang-Jun Ha, Eui-Cheol Shin
Summary: The first conference on 'Infection and Immunity' focused on the biology of CD8+ T cells in the context of viral disease and cancer.
Review
Microbiology
Vinit Upasani, Izabela Rodenhuis-Zybert, Tineke Cantaert
Summary: The functions of B cells independent of antibodies, such as cytokine production and antigen presentation, play important roles in both acute and chronic viral infections. They produce both anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and as professional antigen presenting cells, they are involved in immune regulation and shaping adaptive immune responses.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Anna Estrada Brull, Felix Rost, Josua Oderbolz, Florian R. Kirchner, Salome Leibundgut-Landmann, Annette Oxenius, Nicole Joller
Summary: This study investigates Treg specialization in persistent viral infections, specifically in chronic LCMV infection, and identifies the important functional role of CD85k in Treg-mediated suppression of type 1 immunity. These findings provide new insights into immune regulation in the context of chronic viral infections.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Anna Malyshkina, Alicia Brueggemann, Annette Paschen, Ulf Dittmer
Summary: CD4(+) T cells are important in immune responses against pathogens and cancer cells. They provide help to other immune cells and can directly kill infected or transformed cells. CD4(+) CTLs play a crucial role in controlling chronic viral infections and combating solid cancers.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Mohammad-Javad Sanaei, Mahboobeh Nahid-Samiei, Milad Shahini Shams Abadi, Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand, Gordon A. Ferns, Davood Bashash, Ghorbanali Rahimian, Nader Bagheri
Summary: B-regs, a subset of B cells with immunosuppressive effects, produce regulatory cytokines like IL-10, TGF-beta, and IL-35, which limit host defense against pathogens and induce suppressive T-regs. High levels of B-regs are associated with viral and bacterial load, leading to poor vaccine responses and increased disease severity. B-regs also protect against hyperinflammatory responses in parasitic infections.
INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Letitia Toma, Mihai Dodot, Anca Zgura, Nicolae Bacalbasa, Andrei Silaghi, Razvan Simu, Teodora Isac, Adriana Mercan-Stanciu
Summary: This study compared serum and fecal calprotectin levels in patients with COVID-19 and HCV infection, finding that inflammatory markers were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients than in those with active or cured HCV infection, suggesting a potential correlation with disease severity.
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2022)
