Fabrication, mechanical properties and in vitro degradation behavior of newly developed Zn-Ag alloys for degradable implant applications

Zn and Zn-based alloys have been recognized as highly promising biodegradable materials for orthopedic implants and cardiovascular stents, due to their proved biocompatibility and, more importantly, lower corrosion rates compared to Mg, alloys. However, pure Zn has poor mechanical properties. In this study, Ag is used as a promising alloying element to improve the mechanical properties of the Zn matrix as well as its biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. Accordingly, we design three Zn-Ag alloys with Ag content ranging from 2.5 to 7.0 wt% and investigate the influence of the Ag content on mechanical and corrosion behavior of the alloys. The alloys are developed by casting process and homogenized at 410 degrees C for 6 h and 12 h, followed by hot extrusion at 250 degrees C with extrusion ratio of 14:1. Degradation behavior is assessed by electrochemical and static immersion tests in Hank's modified solution. Microstructural analysis reveals that hot extrusion significantly reduces the grain size of the alloys. Zn-7.0%Ag alloy shows a reasonably equiaxed and considerably refined microstructure with mean grain size of 1.5 mu m. Tensile tests at room temperature suggest that increasing the Ag content steadily enhances the tensile strength, while it does not affect the tensile ductility significantly. Zn-7.0%Ag shows high yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of 236 MPa and 287 MPa, respectively, which is due to the grain refinement and high volume fraction of fine AgZn3 particles precipitating along the grain boundaries during the extrusion process. Among all these alloys, Zn-7.0%Ag displayed superplasticity over a wide range of strain rates (from 5 x 10(-4) s(-1) to 1.0 x 10(-2) s(-1)) providing the possibility of exploiting forming processes at rapid rates and/or even at lower temperatures. In addition, extruded alloys exhibit slightly faster degradation rate than pure Zn. X-ray diffraction results show the presence of ZnO and Zn(OH)(2) on the degraded surfaces. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy imaging reveals that micro-galvanic corrosion is more pronounced on the alloys with higher Ag content due to the higher volume fraction of AgZn3 particles. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.