Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Amido-Amine Cationic Gemini Surfactants Containing Flexible and Rigid Spacers

New amido-amine-based cationic gemini surfactants with flexible and rigid spacers and different hydrophobic tails were synthesized and characterized. These gemini surfactants were prepared by a modified procedure through amidation of long chain carboxylic acids using 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine followed by treatment with halohydrocarbons. The effect of the trans and cis conformation of the spacer double bond was investigated by means of critical micelle concentration, surface tension reduction, and thermal stability. The short-term thermal stability of the gemini surfactants was assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the long-term thermal stability was examined by a unique approach based on structure characterization techniques including NMR (H-1 and C-13) and FTIR analysis. TGA results demonstrated excellent short-term thermal stability since no structure degradation was observed up to 200 A degrees C. Structural characterization revealed impressive long-term thermal stability of the gemini surfactants with no structure decomposition after exposing them to 90 A degrees C for 10 days. The critical micelle concentration of gemini surfactants was found to be in the range of 0.77 x 10(-4)-3.61 x 10(-4) mol L-1 and corresponding surface tension (gamma(CMC)) ranged from 30.34 to 38.12 mN m(-1). The surfactant with the trans conformation of spacer double bond showed better surface properties compared to the surfactant with the cis conformation of spacer double bond. Similarly, increasing surfactant tail length and spacer length resulted in decreasing CMC values. Moreover, bromide counterion showed improved surface properties compared to chloride counterion.