Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Linlin Hu, Xudong Zhang, Peiyu Zhao, Hao Fan, Zhen Zhang, Junkai Deng, Goran Ungar, Jiangxuan Song
Summary: This study introduces a gradient hydrogen-bonding binder for silicon-based anodes in lithium-ion batteries, which effectively alleviates stress and prevents structure fracture, resulting in stable high-areal-capacity electrodes. The silicon-based pouch cell utilizing this binder demonstrates an impressive capacity retention of 80.2% after 700 cycles, showing great potential for practical applications.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Kristoffer Visti Graae, Xinyu Li, Daniel Risskov Sorensen, Elixabete Ayerbe, Iker Boyano, Denis Sheptyakov, Mads Ry Vogel Jorgensen, Poul Norby
Summary: Silicon-graphite blended electrodes in Li-ion batteries have been investigated to utilize the high capacity of Si while minimizing the negative effects of volume expansion. NMC 811 is an advanced layered oxide cathode material with reduced cobalt content. These two materials show great potential in achieving electric vehicle targets, but their degradation mechanism is not completely understood. In this study, 5 Ah prototype multi-layer pouch cells were fabricated using these materials and studied using neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques. The results reveal inhomogeneities across both electrodes during degradation, which are related to the inhomogeneous volume expansion of the Si-graphite anodes.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tiansheng Mu, Lizhi Xiang, Xin Wan, Shuaifeng Lou, Chunyu Du, Pengjian Zuo, Geping Yin
Summary: In this study, a silicon-graphene anode with ultrahigh areal capacity was successfully fabricated using 3D printing technology. By manipulating the electrode structure, the stability and integrity of the electrode were improved, and fast electrochemical reaction kinetics were achieved. This study provides promising prospects for the commercial application of silicon anodes.
ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Sungryong Kim, Dong-Yeob Han, Gyujin Song, Junwoo Lee, Taiho Park, Soojin Park
Summary: This study reports the development of a resilient binder network with enhanced ionic conductivity for effectively integrating silicon-based anodes. The binder showed exceptional physicochemical properties and exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance, enabling high mass loading and stable cycling in silicon-based anodes.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Sung-Woo Park, Hyun Jung Shin, Young Jin Heo, Dong-Wan Kim
Summary: Lamellar-structured, vertically aligned silicon@reduced graphene oxide frameworks were developed for binder-free, high-areal-capacity lithium ion battery anodes. The electrode exhibited high specific capacity, reversibility, and cycle stability attributed to its unique inner porous structure and uniform carbon layers. A high areal capacity was achieved by increasing the initial sol concentration, even at a high current density of 3 mA cm(-2).
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Y. Tzeng, C. -Y. Jhan, K. -M. Chiu, Y. -C. Wu, G. -Y. Chen, P. -S. Wang
Summary: Silicon is investigated as an active material for the anode of lithium-ion battery due to its higher specific capacity. Metal foams are used as current collectors to achieve low resistance and high capacity, but loose adhesion and loss of electrical contacts with the collector are issues unless the foam is densely compressed. By pyrolysis, silicon reacts with nickel on a nickel foam to form nickel silicide while the selected binder is graphitized, resulting in a conductive and porous anode. The reported silicon-based anode with nickel foam exhibits excellent cycling performance and high retained capacity after 50 cycles under specific discharge/charge conditions.
MATERIALS TODAY CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chong Xie, Na Xu, Peiyi Shi, Yixuan Lv, Hirbod Maleki Kheimeh Sari, Jian-Wen Shi, Wei Xiao, Jian Qin, Huijuan Yang, Wenbin Li, Jingjing Wang, Junhua Hu, Xueliang Sun, Xifei Li
Summary: The development of flexible lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has increased the demand for flexible electrodes. In this study, a flexible silicon/carbon nanotube (Si/CNT) electrode was prepared using a common blade-coating technique, demonstrating excellent electrochemical performance while maintaining mechanical flexibility. The electrode exhibited superior tensile strength and toughness.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Philip Kargl, Verena Drews, Philip Daubinger, Oskar Schweighofer, Mario Marinaro, Guinevere A. Giffin, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Alex Thaler
Summary: Silicon is a promising replacement for graphite as an anode material due to its high capacity, but its volume changes during lithiation can lead to capacity fade. This study investigates the expansion behavior of silicon-based cells using dilatometry. The results show irregular thickness changes in the cells, with the maximum thickness occurring during discharge, not at full charge. The hysteresis is attributed to cathode expansion rather than anode contraction.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zeheng Li, Weiting Tang, Yajun Yang, Guoyong Lai, Zheng Lin, Huayan Xiao, Juncheng Qiu, Xiujuan Wei, Shuxing Wu, Zhan Lin
Summary: In this study, an engineering prelithiation binder strategy based on polyacrylic acid is proposed to improve the initial Coulombic efficiency and cycling lives of SiOx anodes, which can also be applied to other Si anodes.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chansoon Kang, Young Whan Cho
Summary: A new method for detecting localized electrically failed particles in Li-ion battery electrodes is introduced using voltage contrast imaging techniques, which can indicate the electron charging effect on disconnected particles caused by mechanical cracks or organic solid electrolyte interphases.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhiyuan Zhang, Xueyan Li, Lili Gong, Yang Li, Jiaqian Qin, Peng Tan
Summary: This study investigates the effects of external forces on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of lithium-ion pouch cells with silicon composite electrodes under constant pressure conditions. It proposes an optimal constant pressure of 0.02 MPa for the battery. The results show that the constant pressure leads to changes in the battery spacing, increased polarization, lithium precipitation, electrolyte consumption, gas formation, and eventually battery failure.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Minjun Je, Dong-Yeob Han, Jaegeon Ryu, Soojin Park
Summary: With the increasing demand for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-scale energy storage systems, the development of next-generation rechargeable batteries with high energy density becomes crucial. Pure silicon has shown potential as a high-capacity electroactive material, but its volume changes during charging and discharging processes lead to issues such as fracturing and capacity decay. This Account highlights the progress made in the development of pure silicon anodes and discusses strategies to overcome these challenges.
ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Saumyadeep Jana, Matt Olszta, Danny Edwards, Mark Engelhard, Avik Samanta, Hongtao Ding, Pratik Murkute, O. Burkan Isgor, Aashish Rohatgi
Summary: Laser surface processing improved the corrosion resistance of AZ31 alloy by forming a mixed metal oxide surface film and refining the size and number density of intermetallic particles.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tobias Kohler, Efi Hadjixenophontos, Yug Joshi, Ke Wang, Guido Schmitz
Summary: Silicon is a promising candidate for battery anodes due to its large theoretical storage capacity, but challenges such as volume expansion and kinetic limitations need to be addressed through nanostructuring. By using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), researchers were able to study the in-situ solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation on Si films, leading to the discovery of reversible adsorption of Li2O to the SEI layer, which accounts for half of the battery storage. This reversible adsorption is influenced by factors such as cycling window, rate, and anode thickness, indicating a field-driven layer growth mechanism.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yu Gao, Danqing Feng, Masoumeh Moradi, Chuntian Yang, Yuting Jin, Dan Liu, Dake Xu, Xiaobo Chen, Fuhui Wang
Summary: Three representative Vibrio species exhibit profound inhibitory effect on the corrosion of AA5083 by forming mature biofilms that act as a diffusion barrier to prevent the penetration of corrosive chloride and consume oxygen, thus increasing the passive range and inhibiting localized attack on the surfaces of AA5083.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Saustin Dongmo, Steve Zaubitzer, Philipp Schueler, Sven Krieck, Ludwig Joerissen, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Matthias Westerhausen, Mario Marinaro
Article
Energy & Fuels
P. K. R. Kottam, S. Dongmo, M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M. Marinaro
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Mario Marinaro, Dominic Bresser, Engelbert Beyer, Peter Faguy, Kei Hosoi, Hong Li, Julija Sakovica, Khalil Amine, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Stefano Passerini
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2020)
Article
Electrochemistry
Markus Binder, Magdalena Mandl, Steve Zaubitzer, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Stefano Passerini, Olaf Boese, Michael A. Danzer, Mario Marinaro
Summary: By using sodium cyclopentadienide dissolved in tetrahydrofuran as the electrolyte, the sodium metal batteries can achieve improved performance and stability, avoiding unfavorable dendritic growth, and exhibiting good ionic conductivity.
Article
Electrochemistry
Saustin Dongmo, Fabio Maroni, Cornelius Gauckler, Mario Marinaro, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens
Summary: Magnesium batteries are seen as a potential alternative for next generation energy storage technologies, but face challenges in the development of high capacity cathode materials and understanding the role of polyanionic materials as potential Mg2+ hosts. Research in this area is still in its early stages and further work is needed to overcome these hurdles.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Philipp Schueler, Simon Sengupta, Steve Zaubitzer, Florian Fiesinger, Saustin Dongmo, Helmar Goerls, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Matthias van den Borg, Daniel Gaissmaier, Sven Krieck, Mario Marinaro, Timo Jacob, Matthias Westerhausen
Summary: The metalation of carbazole with magnesium in THF leads to the formation of sparingly soluble Hauser base, which shows good cyclability and low over-potential in electrodeposition/stripping of magnesium on a copper current collector. Improved performance is achieved with the turbo-Hauser bases, which exhibit significantly higher solubility in ethereal solvents. Solvation energies in THF increase from (thf)(x)MgBr2 to (thf)(x)Mg(Carb)(2) for an equal number x of ligated THF molecules.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lukas Fridolin Pfeiffer, Nicola Jobst, Cornelius Gauckler, Mika Linden, Mario Marinaro, Stefano Passerini, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Peter Axmann
Summary: This study develops a cobalt-free, manganese-based, layered NaxMn3/4Ni1/4O2 cathode active material for sodium-ion batteries. The synthesis, structural transformation, and performance under humid conditions are investigated. The findings are important for addressing issues in raw materials, fundamental research, and industrial production of sodium-ion batteries.
FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Fabio Maroni, Marco Spreafico, Axel Schonecker, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Mario Marinaro
Summary: This work presents a novel Si-dominant electrode with near-zero volume expansion as a promising anode for next-generation Li-ion batteries. The electrode contains micrometer-size nano-porous Silicon particles with a carefully tuned morphology, synthesized via a scalable and cost-effective route. The volume expansion during electrochemical Li-Si alloying/de-alloying is found to be almost completely suppressed. Bi-layer pouch cells manufactured using these Si-anodes demonstrate negligible volume expansion during cycling.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mario Marinaro, Sonia Dsoke
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Philip Kargl, Verena Drews, Philip Daubinger, Oskar Schweighofer, Mario Marinaro, Guinevere A. Giffin, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Alex Thaler
Summary: Silicon is a promising replacement for graphite as an anode material due to its high capacity, but its volume changes during lithiation can lead to capacity fade. This study investigates the expansion behavior of silicon-based cells using dilatometry. The results show irregular thickness changes in the cells, with the maximum thickness occurring during discharge, not at full charge. The hysteresis is attributed to cathode expansion rather than anode contraction.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Andreas Pfrang, Algirdas Kersys, Akos Kriston, Rares-George Scurtu, Mario Marinaro, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens
Summary: The use of Si-containing negative electrodes is a promising option to increase the energy density of Li-ion batteries, but the challenge lies in managing the expansion/contraction behavior of Si during lithiation/de-lithiation. This study investigates the structural changes in Si-blended anode/manganese nickel cobalt oxide (NMC) 622 cathode 18650 format cells from production through end of life. It reveals the deformation mechanisms and the impact of cell geometry on the use and performance of high Si-content anodes.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Marius Fluegel, Marius Bolsinger, Mario Marinaro, Volker Knoblauch, Markus Hoelzle, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Thomas Waldmann
Summary: Mixing graphite with Si particles in Li-ion battery anodes increases the specific energy, and higher Si contents result in thinner anode coatings with constant areal capacity. This study systematically investigates the influence of Si content on the susceptibility of Li plating on Si/graphite anodes.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Fabio Maroni, Min Li, Saustin Dongmo, Cornelius Gauckler, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Marco Giorgetti, Mario Marinaro
Summary: In this study, iron hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles were synthesized using a microwave-assisted co-precipitation method, showing a specific capacity of 120 mAh g(-1) and a capacity retention of 84.8% over 100 cycles at 20 mA g(-1) current, as well as a capacity of 80 mAh g(-1) at 10 C rate. Ex-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) revealed some irreversibility and changes in Fe-C and Fe-N bond lengths during the initial charge/discharge cycle, which were attributed to electrode activation processes and partly explained the observed capacity fading.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Liga Britala, Mario Marinaro, Gints Kucinskis
Summary: Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in mobile devices and electric vehicles for energy storage. Cathodes with the composition LiNixMnyCozO2 (NCMs) exhibit promising electrochemical characteristics. However, high nickel content in NCMs leads to degradation and safety issues. This review summarizes the current understanding of NCM degradation mechanisms and discusses strategies to mitigate degradation.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Review
Electrochemistry
Fabio Maroni, Saustin Dongmo, Cornelius Gauckler, Mario Marinaro, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens
Summary: This review critically discusses the current status of transition metal-based cathode materials in Mg2+ and Ca2+-based multivalent-ion batteries, highlighting the challenges and emphasizing the precautions needed in experiments.
BATTERIES & SUPERCAPS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tianyu Chen, Zhibin Lu, Guangjin Zeng, Yongmin Xie, Jie Xiao, Zhifeng Xu
Summary: The study introduces a high-performance LSGM electrolyte-supported tubular DC-SOFC stack for portable applications, which shows great potential in developing into high-performing, efficient, and environmentally friendly portable power sources for distributed applications.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wenbin Tong, Yili Chen, Shijie Gong, Shaokun Zhu, Jie Tian, Jiaqian Qin, Wenyong Chen, Shuanghong Chen
Summary: In this study, a three-dimensional porous NiO interface layer with enhanced anode dynamics is fabricated, forming a Schottky contact with the zinc substrate, allowing rapid and uniform zinc plating both inside and below the interface layer. The resulting NiO@Zn exhibits exceptional stability and high capacity retention.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yafeng Bai, Kaidi Li, Liying Wang, Yang Gao, Xuesong Li, Xijia Yang, Wei Lu
Summary: In this study, a flexible zinc ion supercapacitor with gel electrolytes, porous alpha-MnO2@reduced graphene oxide cathode, and activated carbon/carbon cloth anode was developed. The device exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and stability, even at low temperatures, with a high cycle retention rate after 5000 cycles.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Anmol Jnawali, Matt D. R. Kok, Francesco Iacoviello, Daniel J. L. Brett, Paul R. Shearing
Summary: This article presents the results of a systematic study on the electrochemical performance and mechanical changes in two types of commercial batteries with different anode chemistry. The study reveals that the swelling of anode layers in batteries with silicon-based components causes deformations in the jelly roll structure, but the presence of a small percentage of silicon does not significantly impact the cycling performance of the cells within the relevant state-of-health range for electric vehicles (EVs). The research suggests that there is room for improving the cell capacities by increasing the silicon loading in composite anodes to meet the increasing demands on EVs.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yohandys A. Zulueta, My Phuong Pham-Ho, Minh Tho Nguyen
Summary: Advanced atomistic simulations were used to study ion transport in the Na- and K-doped lithium disilicate Li2Si2O5. The results showed that Na and K doping significantly enhanced Li ion diffusion and conduction in the material.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zongying Han, Hui Dong, Yanru Yang, Hao Yu, Zhibin Yang
Summary: An efficient phase inversion-impregnation approach is developed to fabricate BaO-decorated Ni8 mol% YSZ anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with anti-coking properties. BaO nanoislands are successfully introduced inside the Ni-YSZ anode, leading to higher peak power densities and improved stability in methane fuel. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the loading of BaO nanoislands facilitates carbon elimination by capturing and dissociating H2O molecules to generate OH.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Suresh Mamidi, Dan Na, Baeksang Yoon, Henu Sharma, Anil D. Pathak, Kisor Kumar Sahu, Dae Young Lee, Cheul-Ro Lee, Inseok Seo
Summary: Li-CO2 batteries, which utilize CO2 and have a high energy density, are hindered in practical applications due to slow kinetics and safety hazards. This study introduces a stable and highly conductive ceramic-based solid electrolyte and a metal-organic framework catalyst to improve the safety and performance of Li-CO2 batteries. The optimized Li-CO2 cell shows outstanding specific capacity and cycle life, and the post-cycling analysis reveals the degradation mechanism of the electrodes. First-principles calculations based on density functional theory are also performed to understand the interactions between the catalyst and the host electrode. This research demonstrates the potential of MOF cathode catalyst for stable operation in Li-CO2 batteries.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ganghua Xiang, Zhihuan Qiu, Huilong Fei, Zhigang Liu, Shuangfeng Yin, Yuen Wu
Summary: In this study, a CeFeOx-supported Pt single atoms and subnanometric clusters catalyst was developed, which exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and stability for the preferential oxidation of CO in H2-rich stream through synergistic effect.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Dimitrios Chatzogiannakis, Marcus Fehse, Maria Angeles Cabanero, Natalia Romano, Ashley Black, Damien Saurel, M. Rosa Palacin, Montse Casas-Cabanas
Summary: By coupling electrochemical testing to operando synchrotron based X-ray absorption and powder diffraction experiments, blended positive electrodes consisting of LiMn2O4 spinel (LMO) and layered LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC) were studied to understand their redox mechanism. It was found that blending NMC with LMO can enhance energy density at high rates, with the blend containing 25% LMO showing the best performance. Testing with a special electrochemical setup revealed that the effective current load on each blend component can vary significantly from the nominal rate and also changes with SoC. Operando studies allowed monitoring of the oxidation state evolution and changes in crystal structure, in line with the expected behavior of individual components considering their electrochemical current loads.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chiara Cementon, Daniel Dewar, Thrinathreddy Ramireddy, Michael Brennan, Alexey M. Glushenkov
Summary: This Perspective discusses the specific power and power density of lithium-ion capacitors, highlighting the fact that their power characteristics are often underestimated. Through analysis, it is found that lithium-ion capacitors can usually achieve power densities superior to electrochemical supercapacitors, making them excellent alternatives to supercapacitors.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Weihao Wang, Hao Yu, Li Ma, Youquan Zhang, Yuejiao Chen, Libao Chen, Guichao Kuang, Liangjun Zhou, Weifeng Wei
Summary: This study achieved an improved electrolyte with excellent low-temperature and high-voltage performance by regulating the Li+ solvation structure and highly concentrating it. The electrolyte exhibited outstanding oxidation potential and high ionic conductivity under low temperature and high voltage conditions, providing a promising approach for the practical application of high-voltage LIBs.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Martin Bures, Dan Gotz, Jiri Charvat, Milos Svoboda, Jaromir Pocedic, Juraj Kosek, Alexandr Zubov, Petr Mazur
Summary: Vanadium redox flow battery is a promising energy storage solution with long-term durability, non-flammability, and high overall efficiency. Researchers have developed a mathematical model to simulate the charge-discharge cycling of the battery, and found that hydraulic connection of electrolyte tanks is the most effective strategy to reduce capacity losses, achieving a 69% reduction.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
M. Rodriguez-Gomez, J. Campo, A. Orera, F. de La Fuente, J. Valenciano, H. Fricke, D. S. Hussey, Y. Chen, D. Yu, K. An, A. Larrea
Summary: In this study, we analysed the operando performance of industrial lead cells using neutron diffraction experiments. The experiments revealed the evolution of different phases in the positive electrode, showed significant inhomogeneity of phase distribution inside the electrode, and estimated the energy efficiency of the cells.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jiawei Liu, Chenpeng Wang, Yue Yao, Hao Ye, Yinglong Liu, Yingli Liu, Xiaoru Xu, Zhicong Chen, Huazheng Yang, Gang Wu, Libin Lei, Chao Wang, Bo Liang
Summary: The study focuses on utilizing double conductive Ni-pads as anode collectors in micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells. The simulation results show excellent performance and stability of DCNPs, and also highlight the potential applications in various fields.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yang Wang, Kangjie Zhou, Lang Cui, Jiabing Mei, Shengnan Li, Le Li, Wei Fan, Longsheng Zhang, Tianxi Liu
Summary: This study presents a polyimide sandwiched separator (s-PIF) for improving the cycling stability of Li-metal batteries. The s-PIF separator exhibits superior mechanical property, electrolyte adsorption/retention and ion conductivity, and enables dendrite-free Li plating/stripping process.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
