How calcite and modified hydroxyapatite influence physicochemical properties and cytocompatibility of alpha-TCP based bone cements

Nowadays successful regeneration of damaged bone tissue is a major problem of the reconstructive medicine and tissue engineering. Recently a great deal of attention has been focused on calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) as the effective bone fillers. Despite a number of studies regarding CPCs, only a few compare the physicochemical and biological properties of alpha-TCP based materials of various phase compositions. In our study we compared the effect of several components (calcite, hydroxyapatite doped with Mg2+, CO32- or Ag+ ions, alginate, chitosan and methylcellulose) on the physicochemical and biological properties of alpha-TCP-based bone cements. The influence of materials composition on their setting times, microstructure and biochemical stability in simulated body fluid was determined. A number of in vitro laboratory methods, including ICP-OES, metabolic activity test, time-lapse microscopic observation and SEM observations were performed in order to assess biocompatibility of the studied biomaterials. The positive outcome of XTT tests for ceramic extracts demonstrated that all investigated cement-type composites may be considered cytocompatible according to ISO 10993-5 standard. Results of our research indicate that multiphase cements containing MgCHA, AgHA and calcite combined with aTCP enhanced cell viability in comparison to material based only on alpha TCP. Furthermore materials containing chitosan and methylcellulose possessed higher cytocompatibility than those with alginate.