Importance of dissolved organic carbon flux through submarine groundwater discharge to the coastal ocean: Results from Masan Bay, the southern coast of Korea

In order to estimate the fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), salinity and DOC concentrations in groundwater, stream water, and seawater were investigated in May 2006 and 2007 (dry season) and August 2006 (wet season) in Masan Bay, Korea. In both seasons, the average concentrations of DOC in groundwater (139 +/- 23 mu M in May and 113 +/- 18 mu M in August) were relatively lower than those in stream water (284 +/- 104 mu M in May and 150 +/- 36 mu M in August) but similar to those of the bay water (149 +/- 17 mu M in May and 117 +/- 13 mu M in August). The DOC concentrations in groundwater, stream water, and seawater showed negative relationships with salinity, but those in the surface bay water were observed above the theoretical mixing line, indicating that DOC may be produced by in situ primary production in this bay. Based on a simple DOC mass balance model, SGD-derived DOC fluxes in Masan Bay were estimated to be 6.7 x 10(5) mol d(-1) in the dry season and 6.4 x 10(5) mol d(-1) in the wet season, showing no remarkable seasonal variation. The DOC fluxes through SGD in Masan Bay accounted for approximately 65% of the total input fluxes. This result suggests that the DOC flux through SGD can be the most important source of DOC in this bay, and SGD may play an important role in carbon budget and biogeochemistry in coastal areas. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.