Journal
JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY & CYTOCHEMISTRY
Volume 65, Issue 8, Pages 445-461Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
DOI: 10.1369/0022155417718542
Keywords
colitis; macrophage; microflora; probiotic; rat; TNBS
Categories
Funding
- American Physiological Society
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of National Institutes of Health (NIH) [R25GM082406]
- NIGMS-Institutional Development Award (IDeA) Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (INBRE) [P20 GM103475]
- NIGMS [R25GM096955]
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The probiotic mixture VSL#3 attenuates colitis in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and in animal models of this condition, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. VSL#3 alters macrophage morphology and secretory profile in vitro in a polarization-dependent manner. We examined the effect of VSL#3 on macrophages in acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Rats were randomized to normal, colitis, or colitis+VSL#3 groups. After sacrifice, the colons were evaluated for macroscopic and microscopic damage. Serum cytokine levels were measured, and microbiome analysis undertaken. Total and M1 colonic macrophages, and total and proliferating hepatic macrophages were assessed by double immunofluorescence staining. Colitis+VSL#3 rats had lower macroscopic damage, with less microscopic damage in the proximal colon, compared with colitis alone. Colitis significantly increased colonic macrophage infiltration, which was significantly reduced by VSL#3 treatment. VSL#3 did not decrease the colitis-induced surge of colonic M1 macrophages or hepatic macrophages. VSL#3 reduced colitis-induced serum cytokine levels, and induced restoration of colonic transcript levels for pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and barrier proteins to, or past, normal levels. Fecal bacteria distribution changed between groups. In summary, the probiotic VSL#3 reduces colitis severity, colonic macrophage infiltration, and serum cytokine levels, but does not dampen the pro-inflammatory phenotype of M1 macrophages.
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