Journal
JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Volume 28, Issue 2, Pages 193-201Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/jes.2017.10
Keywords
activity coefficie; dermal risk assessment; finite dose; fractional absorption; infinite dose; lag time
Funding
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, a part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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In vitro human skin benzene permeation was measured from gasoline formulations with benzene concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 10 vol% and from neat benzene. Steady-state fluxes (J(SS)), permeability coefficients (k(p)) and lag times (t(lag)) were calculated from infinite dose exposures. Permeation of benzene from small gasoline doses administered over a two-day period was also studied. The thermodynamic activity of benzene in gasoline at 30 degrees C was determined and the solution is near-ideal over the range from 0.8 to 100 vol%. JSS through human epidermal membranes were linear (R-2 = 0.92) with concentration over the range from 0.8 to 10 vol %. J(SS) (mu g/cm(2)/h) from gasoline (0.8 vol% benzene = 6.99 mg/ml) through epidermis and full-thickness skin were 9.37 +/- 1.41 and 1.82 +/- 0.44, respectively. Neat benzene JSS was 566 +/- 138. Less than 0.25% of the total applied benzene mass from finite doses (10 mu l/cm(2)) of gasoline was detected in receptor cells, and a small reduction of barrier function was observed from six total doses administered over 2 days. Application of these results to dermal exposure assessment examples demonstrates a range of systemic benzene uptakes that can be expected from occupational and consumer dermal exposures to gasoline, depending on the type and extent of exposure.
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