Editorial Material
Biology
Andrew P. Davison, Shailesh Appukuttan
Summary: Artificial neural networks can pave the way for efficient simulation of large-scale neuronal network models in the nervous system.
Article
Neurosciences
Antonio M. Fernandes, Duncan S. Mearns, Joseph C. Donovan, Johannes Larsch, Thomas O. Helmbrecht, Yvonne Koelsch, Eva Laurell, Koichi Kawakami, Marco dal Maschio, Herwig Baier
Summary: The study explores how larval zebrafish select between simultaneously presented visual stimuli. It revealed the involvement of winner-take-all computation in the inner retina and reciprocal bilateral connections between nucleus isthmi and tectum in processing binocularly presented stimuli. These circuits enable selective visual attention depending on the relative locations of competing stimuli.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Il Bin Kim, Seon-Cheol Park
Summary: Depression affects both neural circuitry and neurogenesis, with defects in hippocampal activity and volume associated with depression-related behaviors. However, the mechanisms by which defective neural circuitry induces neurogenesis defects in depression remain unclear.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Steven L. Klein, Andre L. P. Tavares, Meredith Peterson, Charles H. Sullivan, Sally A. Moody
Summary: The formation of the embryonic ectoderm domains involves a series of signaling factor gradients. Early cell autonomous repressive transcription factor interactions within individual cells are followed by non-cell autonomous signaling between cells contributing to the separation of the domains.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biology
Jie Chen, Sihui Jin, Dandan Chen, Jie Cao, Xiaoxiao Ji, Qionglin Peng, Yufeng Pan
Summary: Research has shown that Drosophila male courtship is controlled by the fru(M) gene, with a critical role during development in building a sex circuitry. Manipulating fru(M) expression has resulted in flies with different sexual orientations, highlighting the gene's importance in shaping innate courtship behaviors.
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Benoit Bonnet, Teddy Furon, Patrick Bas
Summary: This paper proposes a method dedicated to quantizing adversarial perturbations while minimizing quantization error and maintaining image adversarial after quantization. The method operates in both spatial and JPEG domains with low complexity.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Mirza Ramicic, Andrea Bonarini
Summary: Faced with increasingly complex application domains, artificial learning agents can process a large amount of data but also encounter the challenge of encoding and processing redundant information. This study explores the potential of learning systems in partially observable domains to selectively focus on the specific type of information related to causal interactions among transitioning states. By implementing an adaptive masking of observations based on a temporal difference displacement criterion, significant improvements in the convergence of temporal difference algorithms applied to partially observable Markov processes are achieved. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework across a range of machine learning problems, from complex visuals like Atari games to simple control problems like CartPole.
Article
Cell Biology
Elaine L. Bearer, Christopher S. Medina, Taylor W. Uselman, Russell E. Jacobs
Summary: Neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex project into the limbic system to regulate responses to reward or threat, with different regions projecting to differing limbic system nuclei. Using Mn(II) and MRI, projections from two adjacent medial prefrontal cortical regions were mapped, revealing distinct accumulation patterns in diverse brain regions over time. This study sheds light on the specific roles of different medial prefrontal cortical segments in regulating limbic system function and provides insights into the potential effects on whole body health and wellbeing.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Amy E. Margolis, David Pagliaccio, Bruce Ramphal, Sarah Banker, Lauren Thomas, Morgan Robinson, Masato Honda, Tamara Sussman, Jonathan Posner, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Julie Herbstman, Virginia Rauh, Rachel Marsh
Summary: Prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke may have detrimental effects on children's brain structure and function, affecting cognitive control and attention. The study results show that children exposed to ETS had smaller thalamic and inferior frontal gyrus volumes, and exhibited increased brain activation during cognitive conflict resolution.
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Xiyuan Chen, Tianming Yang
Summary: The basal ganglia play a crucial role in decision making, with neurons reflecting the evidence accumulation process. A neural network model was created to study how the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia interact in decision making, revealing their distinct influences on choices and reaction times.
COGNITIVE NEURODYNAMICS
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kai Zhang, Jiacheng Pan, Yonghao Yu
Summary: This article reviews the neural nuclei and pathways affected by general anesthesia, and introduces the applications of three advanced technologies, in vivo calcium imaging, chemogenetics, and optogenetics. It provides a reference for further research on other neural circuits under general anesthesia and contributes to other research fields in the future.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Chia-Che Chung, Bo-Wei Huang, Hsin-Cheng Lin, Tao Chou, Chia-Jung Tsen, C. W. Liu
Summary: This article uses a series of multi-correlated recurrent neural networks to predict the relative temperature of inverter chains folded in 3 rows, while a fully connected neural network is used to predict the circuit's hotspot temperature. The correlated recurrent neural networks, trained using SPICE data, exhibit better accuracy in temperature prediction by considering the thermal coupling between rows, outperforming previous neural network models.
IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Silvia U. Maier, Marcus Grueschow
Summary: This study suggests that increasing central arousal through the brain's locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system can enhance cognitive control and memory, while also playing a role in emotion regulation. The pupil diameter serves as a proxy for central arousal state, and its increase during emotion regulation predicts success in regulation and other self-control tasks. This common arousal-based facilitation mechanism may support self-control abilities across different domains.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Ying Wang, Yizhuo Wang, Jiaming Tang, Rui Li, Yanan Jia, Hua Yang, Hongen Wei
Summary: The study demonstrated that loss of Pax2 in the nervous system leads to restricted repetitive behaviors, possibly associated with impaired neural circuitry and reduction in IGFBP2.
CNS NEUROSCIENCE & THERAPEUTICS
(2023)
Review
Neurosciences
Zuqi Shen, Wei Li, Weiqi Chang, Na Yue, Jin Yu
Summary: Mental disorders induced by chronic pain, such as anxiety and depression, are common in clinical practice, and there are significant sex differences in their epidemiology. However, the circuit mechanism of this difference has not been fully studied. Recently, studies including male and female rodents have revealed sex differences in the neurobiological processes behind mental disorder features.
FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Psychology, Developmental
Jan Stochl, Hannah Jones, Emma Soneson, Adam P. Wagner, Golam M. Khandaker, Stanley Zammit, Jon Heron, Gemma Hammerton, Edward T. Bullmore, Ray Dolan, Peter Fonagy, Ian M. Goodyer, J. Perez, Peter B. Jones
Summary: Characterizing patterns of mental phenomena in epidemiological studies of adolescents can provide insight into the latent organization of psychiatric disorders. This avoids the biases of chronicity and selection inherent in clinical samples, guides models of shared aetiology within psychiatric disorders and informs the development and implementation of interventions.
EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY
(2023)
Article
Psychiatry
Nina M. Lutz, Sharon A. S. Neufeld, Roxanne W. Hook, Peter B. Jones, Edward T. Bullmore, Ian M. Goodyer, Tamsin J. Ford, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Paul O. Wilkinson
Summary: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is more common among women, possibly due to their higher levels of psychological distress. Women also show significant differences in sensation seeking and positive urgency compared to men. Psychological distress partially mediates the relationship between gender and NSSI.
ARCHIVES OF SUICIDE RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Neurosciences
Toby Wise, Oliver J. Robinson, Claire M. Gillan
Summary: Most psychiatric disorders are not isolated and their symptoms are not unique to a single diagnostic category. Current treatments fail for a substantial number of individuals, partly due to an overreliance on diagnostic categories. This review describes ongoing efforts to characterize psychiatric symptom dimensions using large-scale studies and a dimensional, mechanistic approach. Computational factor modeling is highlighted as a method to identify and validate associations between cognition and symptom dimensions.
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY
(2023)
Article
Psychiatry
Chi Tak Lee, Jorge Palacios, Derek Richards, Anna K. Hanlon, Kevin Lynch, Siobhan Harty, Nathalie Claus, Lorraine Swords, Veronica O'Keane, Klaas E. Stephan, Claire M. Gillan
Summary: This study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of using an internet-based protocol to gather detailed patient data during iCBT and antidepressant treatment, providing a template methodology for future internet-based treatment studies.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xinran Wu, Lena Palaniyappan, Gechang Yu, Kai Zhang, Jakob Seidlitz, Zhaowen Liu, Xiangzhen Kong, Gunter Schumann, Jianfeng Feng, Barbara J. Sahakian, Trevor W. Robbins, Edward Bullmore, Jie Zhang
Summary: This study constructed a whole-brain morphometric similarity network and found that developmental dissimilarities between cortical and subcortical regions were associated with cognitive and psychiatric status during preadolescence.
MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY
(2023)
Review
Behavioral Sciences
Samuel R. Chamberlain, Betul Aslan, Anthony Quinn, Amith Anilkumar, Janine Robinson, Jon E. Grant, Julia Sinclair
Summary: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which are common and often associated with substance use disorders, may also have a connection with gambling disorder. Previous studies have examined the cognitive aspects of the relationship between autism and gambling and found mixed results, with autistic individuals showing either lower, equal, or higher performance than non-autistic individuals. The most consistent finding is that autistic individuals tend to have slower responses in gambling tasks. However, there is a lack of research on the neurocognitive overlap between autism and gambling, and future studies should investigate this relationship using validated tools and sufficient sample sizes.
NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS
(2023)
Article
Psychology, Clinical
Nur Hani Zainal, Joan A. Camprodon, Jennifer L. Greenberg, Aura M. Hurtado, Joshua E. Curtiss, Rebecca Matilde Berger-Gutierrez, Claire M. Gillan, Sabine Wilhelm
Summary: This study used Bayesian statistics to examine goal-directed learning in OCD patients and evaluated the discriminant validity of goal-directed learning indices. The results showed that goal-directed learning deficits were related to compulsions and self-reported OCD severity, but not to other psychological factors. The findings highlight the importance of conceptualizing psychopathology dimensionally and the unique associations of goal-directed behaviors in OCD.
COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Roxanne W. Hook, Masanori Isobe, George Savulich, Jon E. Grant, Konstantinos Ioannidis, David Christmas, Barbara J. Sahakian, Trevor W. Robbins, Samuel R. Chamberlain
Summary: This study found that single-dose istradefylline can impact human cognition, particularly in the social information preference task with emotional loading. This indicates the under-studied role of the adenosine neurochemical system in human cognition, which requires further exploration.
EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Psychiatry
Michal M. Graczyk, Barbara J. Sahakian, Trevor W. Robbins, Karen D. Ersche
Summary: Not everyone who uses drugs loses control over their intake, which is a hallmark of addiction. Although familial risk studies suggest significant addiction heritability, the genetic basis of vulnerability to drug addiction remains largely unknown. In this study, the researchers examined the relationship between self-control, cocaine use, and a specific gene variant (rs36024) associated with the noradrenaline transporter gene. They found that individuals carrying the C-allele of this gene exhibited impaired self-control, particularly in the context of chronic cocaine use. Patients with cocaine use disorder who had the CC genotype showed longer stop-signal reaction time and fewer successful stops compared to healthy controls and patients with the TT genotype. These findings suggest that rs36024 may be a potential genetic vulnerability marker for cocaine addiction.
TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY
(2023)
Biographical-Item
Neurosciences
Barbara J. Sahakian, Eileen M. Joyce, Trevor W. Robbins
NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nace Mikus, Christoph Eisenegger, Christoph Mathys, Luke Clark, Ulrich Mueller, Trevor W. Robbins, Claus Lamm, Michael Naef
Summary: The study investigates the impact of the D2/D3 dopamine receptor antagonist sulpiride on learning about other people's prosocial attitudes. The results show that sulpiride increases the volatility of beliefs, leading to higher precision weights on prediction errors. This effect is more significant in participants with genetically conferred higher dopamine availability and remains even after controlling for working memory performance. The findings demonstrate the importance of D2 receptors in regulating belief updating in a social context.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Shane A. Thomas, Colette J. Browning, Fadi J. Charchar, Britt Klein, Marcia G. Ory, Henrietta Bowden-Jones, Samuel R. Chamberlain
Summary: Chronic illnesses pose a major threat to global population health, with an increasing prevalence over time. This paper discusses strategies to address chronic diseases, including the development of risk prediction tools, enhancing preventive measures and chronic disease management, and utilizing digital health systems. Limited research has been conducted on the combined population-level health effects of these strategies.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Psychiatry
Jon E. Grant, Madison Collins, Eve Chesivoir, Samuel R. Chamberlain
Summary: This study finds that the relationship between trichotillomania and alcohol use problems has received little research attention. Among individuals with trichotillomania, 13.2% had hazardous alcohol use in the past year, but this difference was not statistically significant. However, past year hazardous drinking was associated with higher trait impulsivity.
PSYCHIATRIC QUARTERLY
(2023)
Article
Psychology, Clinical
Erynn Christensen, Lucy Albertella, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Maja Brydevall, Chao Suo, Jon E. Grant, Murat Yucel, Rico Sze Chun Lee
Summary: This study evaluated the neurocognitive correlates of problem alcohol use and three non-substance-related addictive behaviors using a large community sample. The results showed differential associations between neurocognition and each addictive behavior, highlighting the need for a more nuanced understanding of non-substance addiction.
ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS
(2024)