Incentive Load Scheduling Schemes for PHEV Battery Exchange Stations in Smart Grid

In this paper, we study load scheduling schemes for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) battery exchange stations (BESs) in smart grid. Since each BES stores a relatively large amount of batteries, it can significantly contribute to the demand-side management (DSM) system in smart grid by selling back the electricity to the grid during peak hours. By doing so, the peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of the grid can be further reduced on top of existing DSMs for other applications. In order to achieve that, we propose several load scheduling schemes for BESs. One is to minimize the PAR, followed by an incentive scheme so that the BESs will be motivated to participate. We also propose a game-theoretical scheme so that the load scheduling for each BES can be done locally with limited information exchange. In the simulations, we show that BESs contribute to DSM and further smooth the load of the power grid, although the total load is increased due to large amount of PHEVs. We also analyze the impact of total amount of battery storage at BESs on PAR. Moreover, we analyze the impact of charging ports number in each BESs on the total amount of battery storage and PAR. We also demonstrate that the proposed game-theoretical scheme can reduce PAR in practice.