Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yuan Jiang, Chirag Mevawala, Shuyun Li, Andrew Schmidt, Justin Billing, Michael Thorson, Lesley Snowden-Swan
Summary: This study presents a comprehensive uncertainty analysis of the entire wet waste-to-fuel blendstock supply chain using the most recent developments in hydrothermal liquefaction and biocrude upgrading technologies. The results show that hydrothermal liquefaction can achieve a biocrude yield from 42.2% to 52.4%, a fuel yield from 34.7% to 42.7%, a minimum fuel selling price from $2.28/gge to $3.45/gge, and a supply chain greenhouse gas emissions reduction from 73.4% to 81.8% relative to petroleum-derived diesel. In addition, an open-source reduced order process model is provided for assessing the technology feasibility of hydrothermal liquefaction with regional data.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jacob Shila, Mary E. Johnson
Summary: This study examines the techno-economic analysis of producing Camelina-derived HRJ fuel in Montana via the HDO pathway, showing a breakeven price of $0.87 per liter over a 20-year operating period. Depending on the operating period and source of hydrogen, the breakeven price of HRJ fuel varies between $0.87 and $1.44 per liter when using on-site hydrogen or $0.75 and $1.26 per liter when purchasing hydrogen. Additionally, there is a capital cost penalty of $0.13 to $0.15 per liter for investors producing hydrogen on-site.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Machen Xue, Bolun Yang, Chungu Xia, Gangli Zhu
Summary: Acquiring higher alcohols (C6+-OH) from renewable ethanol instead of fossil resources is of special significance for carbon neutrality. In this study, a recyclable Ni/bio-apatite catalyst derived from biomass was developed for upgrading ethanol to higher alcohols. The catalyst showed high selectivity for C6+-OH without the need for alkali additives, ligands, and extra hydrogen. The porous structure and coordination between metal and alkaline sites played key roles in achieving high C6+-OH selectivity.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Malte Hennig, Martina Haase
Summary: This paper analyzes the implications of using hydrogen in the Biomass-to-Liquid process, showing that hydrogen enhancement leads to higher product yield and conversion efficiency. However, economic analysis reveals that the process is currently unprofitable due to high costs for hydrogen provision.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Junjie Li, Yueling Zhang, Yanli Yang, Xiaomei Zhang, Nana Wang, Yonghong Zheng, Yajun Tian, Kechang Xie
Summary: This study compared the three production routes of fuel ethanol and found that the second-generation fuel bioethanol (SGFB) route has the highest comprehensive score due to its excellent environmental performance and the efficient utilization of agricultural residuals. The industrialized coal-based fuel ethanol (CBFE) route has significant economic benefits and diversifies the sources of fuel ethanol, but it also faces challenges associated with high environmental impact, especially greenhouse gas emissions.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Sudha Eswaran, Senthil Subramaniam, Scott Geleynse, Kristin Brandt, Michael Wolcott, Xiao Zhang
Summary: This study evaluates the economic feasibility of sustainable aviation fuel production and emphasizes the importance of technology and feedstock costs in price sensitivity. The Catalytic Hydrothermolysis (CH) pathway shows promise in converting renewable oils to SAF, but incentives are needed to achieve price parity with petroleum jet fuel.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
A. Aui, Y. Wang, M. Mba-Wright
Summary: The study found that the Minimum Fuel Selling Prices (MFSP) of cellulosic ethanol ranged from $0.90-6.00/gallon with an average of $2.65/gallon, comparable to retail gasoline prices in the U.S. Economic viability was influenced by capital cost, input, and output capacity. Government policies such as financial incentives and assistance programs are crucial for improving the economic viability of cellulosic ethanol.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Shaoqu Xie, Zhuoxi Li, Wanli Zhang
Summary: Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation is a traditional industrial exploitation, but the low ABE concentration, complex separation process, and high separation cost are bottlenecks in the biobutanol industry. This study presents an efficient and energy-saving ABE upgrading process using a salting-out catalytic technique to alkylate acetone with ethanol and 1-butanol, followed by separation using salting-out effect. High-quality ketones and alcohols were obtained and can be used as fuel precursors or fine chemicals. Sensitivity analysis revealed that reducing raw materials cost is a strategy to improve the completeness of ABE fermentation.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Shaoqu Xie, Zhuoxi Li, Wanli Zhang
Summary: Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation is a traditional industrial process, but faces challenges such as low ABE concentration, complex separation process, and high separation cost. In this study, a salting-out catalytic process was developed to upgrade ABE fermentation products. Experimental results showed that high ketones and alcohols could be obtained and used as fuel precursors or fine chemicals. Simulation and analysis indicated that fine chemicals were the preferred choice if product selectivity and purification process were optimized. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the ABE concentration process is energy-intensive and reducing raw material costs can improve the completeness of ABE fermentation.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
A. A. Mana, A. Allouhi, K. Ouazzani, A. Jamil
Summary: Biomass power generation in rural areas of Morocco presents a significant opportunity to achieve rural sustainability and provide stable electricity supply. The financial model of the project shows competitive costs compared to solar and fossil resources. Performance variables depend strongly on flue gas temperature, and the LCOE is highly sensitive to feedstock price and finance rates.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Xiang Zheng, Zhaoping Zhong, Bo Zhang, Haoran Du, Wei Wang, Qian Li, Yuxuan Yang, Renzhi Qi, Zhaoying Li
Summary: This study conducted a comprehensive comparison between the hydrogenation upgrading process and the supercritical ethanol upgrading process for liquid biofuel based on fast pyrolysis of cornstalk, using techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) from the perspectives of economic and environment. The TEA results showed that the minimum fuel selling prices (MFSP) of FP-HU and FP-SU were 0.0417 $/MJ and 0.0383 $/MJ. The LCA results showed that the ADP, COD, and GWP values of FP-HU were lower compared with FP-SU. Compared to conventional diesel, the ADP, GWP, and RI of FP-HU and FP-SU decreased significantly.
BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Seyed Hashem Mousavi-Avval, Ajay Shah
Summary: Commercial production of jet fuel from pennycress, a potential low-cost feedstock, was assessed for technical feasibility and costs, with the study showing the potential for achieving economic viability at the commercial scale.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mohammad Samim Ghafoori, Khaled Loubar, Mylene Marin-Gallego, Mohand Tazerout
Summary: The study evaluates the techno-economic aspect of biomethane production through different scenarios and finds that power-to-gas systems are competitive with standard upgrading technologies under certain conditions. The presence of electrolyzer unit significantly contributes to the total biomethane production costs. Different scenarios show varying sensitivity to changes in electricity prices and operating time.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Kristian Melin, Harri Nieminen, Daniel Klueh, Arto Laari, Tuomas Koiranen, Matthias Gaderer
Summary: To limit climate change, fast greenhouse gas reductions are required before 2030. We present a novel process for ethanol production using electricity and lignocellulosic biomass as inputs. The process is technically mature and has high energy and carbon efficiency, with a competitive cost compared to current biological routes.
FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hyeon Park, Ho-Jeong Chae, Young-Woong Suh, Young -Min Chung, Myung-June Park
Summary: A model for the bioethanol-to-jet fuel process was developed to analyze its techno-economics and CO2 emissions. The study found that the process had low profitability but was environmentally friendly.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Uisung Lee, Troy R. Hawkins, Eunji Yoo, Michael Wang, Zhe Huang, Ling Tao
Summary: The study evaluates the potential of converting high-purity CO2 from corn ethanol plants into ethanol using gas fermentation and electrochemical reduction technologies. It shows that the sources of electricity and hydrogen significantly impact the greenhouse gas emissions of CO2-based ethanol. Using wind electricity can greatly reduce the carbon intensities of ethanol, providing emissions reduction benefits compared to gasoline.
BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS & BIOREFINING-BIOFPR
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Eric C. D. Tan, Troy R. Hawkins, Uisung Lee, Ling Tao, Pimphan A. Meyer, Michael Wang, Tom Thompson
Summary: This study evaluates the economic feasibility and emission benefits of various biofuel production pathways compared to conventional marine fuels. The results show that biofuels can effectively reduce greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions from the maritime shipping industry at a lower cost. Cofeeding biomass with natural gas could be a practical approach to transition to biofuels with lower marginal CO2 abatement costs.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nabila A. Huq, Glenn R. Hafenstine, Xiangchen Huo, Hannah Nguyen, Stephen M. Tifft, Davis R. Conklin, Daniela Stuck, Jim Stunkel, Zhibin Yang, Joshua S. Heyne, Matthew R. Wiatrowski, Yimin Zhang, Ling Tao, Junqing Zhu, Charles S. McEnally, Earl D. Christensen, Cameron Hays, Kurt M. Van Allsburg, Kinga A. Unocic, Harry M. Meyer, Zia Abdullah, Derek R. Vardon
Summary: The paper evaluates the catalytic conversion of food waste-derived VFAs to produce n-paraffin SAF for near-term use as a 10 vol% blend for ASTM Fast Track qualification and produce a highly branched, isoparaffin VFA-SAF to increase the renewable blend limit. VFA ketonization models assessed the carbon chain length distributions suitable for each VFA-SAF conversion pathway, and food waste-derived VFA ketonization was demonstrated for >100 h of time on stream at approximately theoretical yield. Fuel property blending models and experimental testing determined normal paraffin VFA-SAF meets 10 vol% fuel specifications for Fast Track. Synergistic blending with isoparaffin VFA-SAF increased the blend limit to 70 vol% by addressing flashpoint and viscosity constraints, with sooting 34% lower than fossil jet. Techno-economic analysis evaluated the major catalytic process cost-drivers, determining the minimum fuel selling price as a function of VFA production costs. Life cycle analysis determined that if food waste is diverted from landfills to avoid methane emissions, VFA-SAF could enable up to 165% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions relative to fossil jet.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Physical
Ling Tao, Thomas D. Foust
Summary: Producing drop-in replacements for biofuels is a grand challenge, with lignocellulosic biomass being a promising feedstock for fuel ethanol production. Restrepo-Florez et al. systematically studied upgrading ethanol to advanced fuels with tailored properties, while considering process synthesis.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Uisung Lee, Arpit Bhatt, Troy Robert Hawkins, Ling Tao, Pahola Thathiana Benavides, Michael Wang
Summary: Producing fuels and chemicals from waste is economically and environmentally favorable, with renewable natural gas and lactic acid showing significantly lower carbon intensities compared to conventional pathways. Life cycle analysis helps identify greenhouse gas emission hotspots and emission savings sources, supporting decisions for sustainable waste valorization.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Longwen Ou, Shuyun Li, Ling Tao, Steven Phillips, Troy Hawkins, Avantika Singh, Lesley Snowden-Swan, Hao Cai
Summary: This study explores the economic and environmental implications of using wet waste feedstocks to produce biofuels, focusing on two pathways from yellow grease and swine manure. The swine manure HTL pathway shows negative GHG emissions due to credits of avoided emissions from conventional swine manure management. The commercialized yellow grease HEFA pathway benefits from carbon credits in the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard market.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Buddhinie S. Jayathilake, Swetha Chandrasekaran, Megan C. Freyman, Jorg S. Deutzmann, Frauke Kracke, Alfred M. Spormann, Zhe Huang, Ling Tao, Simon H. Pang, Sarah E. Baker
Summary: The integration of microbial synthesis with renewable electricity offers a promising solution for CO2 utilization and energy storage. Electrifying bioreactors provides benefits such as the use of selective bio-catalysts for CO2 conversion and the use of microbes as robust catalysts for higher efficiency. This Perspective proposes research on electro-bioreactor components and presents a case study on methane production to motivate these developments.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yudong Li, Ling Tao, Nick Nagle, Melvin Tucker, Xiaowen Chen, Erik M. Kuhn
Summary: Mass production of sustainable biofuels can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but the variability, availability, and affordability of biomass feedstock pose risks. This study found that different feedstock species and harvesting techniques impact sugar yields and production costs. Blending feedstocks of different biomass species is a potential successful strategy for sustainable biofuel production.
FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Alex Badgett, Mark Ruth, Allison Crow, Gary Grim, Yingying Chen, Leiming Hu, Ling Tao, Wilson Smith, K. C. Neyerlin, Randy Cortright
Summary: The development of technology to utilize carbon dioxide is crucial in mitigating climate change. It is important to consider the nonlinear relationships between system performance, materials, and costs to optimize the scalability and cost-effectiveness of carbon dioxide reduction systems.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Andrew W. Bartling, Pahola Thathiana Benavides, Steven D. Phillips, Troy Hawkins, Avantika Singh, Matthew Wiatrowski, Eric C. D. Tan, Christopher Kinchin, Longwen Ou, Hao Cai, Mary Biddy, Ling Tao, Andrew Young, Kathleen Brown, Shuyun Li, Yunhua Zhu, Lesley J. Snowden-Swan, Chirag R. Mevawala, Daniel J. Gaspar
Summary: Economic and environmental favorability are crucial for the development and deployment of sustainable fuels. This study conducted economic and sustainability analyses of 25 pathways for producing bioblendstocks. The results showed that most of the bioblendstocks had favorable economic metrics, but biochemically-based pathways faced challenges in achieving favorable minimum fuel selling price. Additionally, some pathways showed significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy use.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Arpit H. Bhatt, Yimin Zhang, Anelia Milbrandt, Emily Newes, Kristi Moriarty, Bruno Klein, Ling Tao
Summary: The increasing consumption and emissions of jet fuel worldwide have created the necessity for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) technologies. One option is to use waste or biomass-based feedstocks, which can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional jet fuel. This study evaluates the implications of key variables on the deployment of SAF at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport and finds that woody biomass-based Fischer-Tropsch technology has the lowest production costs and reduces GHG emissions by 86% compared to conventional jet fuel.
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Taemin Kim, Arpit Bhatt, Ling Tao, Pahola Thathiana Benavides
Summary: Producing valuable chemical products from wet wastes can effectively address the issues of waste accumulation and greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluated the environmental impacts of waste-derived polylactic acids (PLA) from different waste feedstocks. The results showed that swine manure was the most carbon-intensive pathway, followed by food waste and wastewater sludge. Waste-to-PLA pathways had lower carbon footprints compared to fossil-based resins. The decarbonization potential was higher for food waste and wastewater sludge pathways than for swine manure pathway.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
R. Gary Grim, Dwarak Ravikumar, Eric C. D. Tan, Zhe Huang, Jack R. Ferrell, Michael Resch, Zhenglong Li, Chirag Mevawala, Steven D. Phillips, Lesley Snowden-Swan, Ling Tao, Joshua A. Schaidle
Summary: Due to weight and travel distance challenges, liquid hydrocarbon fuels will remain the primary choice for medium to long-haul aviation. However, sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) produced from biogenic carbon sources are gaining attention as an alternative to reduce CO2 emissions. Recent studies propose utilizing CO2 and renewable electricity to convert into SAF, offering competitive costs and carbon intensity, and providing a different option from traditional technologies.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Junyan Zhang, Eunji Yoo, Brian H. Davison, Dongxia Liu, Joshua A. Schaidle, Ling Tao, Zhenglong Li
Summary: Ethanol to middle distillates is a promising pathway for sustainable liquid fuel production, leveraging abundant biomass and CO2 utilization, with potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Leveraging existing ethanol infrastructure and catalysis innovation can drive cost-effective production of middle distillate fuels.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zhe Huang, R. Gary Grim, Joshua A. Schaidle, Ling Tao
Summary: The research explores the possibility of using renewable energy to drive CO2 reduction reactions to transform the linear consumption economic model. Through economic evaluation of five major technologies, it is found that production costs of 8 out of 11 potential carbonaceous products have the potential to reach parity with or even lower than current market prices.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xuemei Liu, Chaonan Cui, Shuoshuo Wei, Jinyu Han, Xinli Zhu, Qingfeng Ge, Hua Wang
Summary: This study presents a new strategy for designing efficient photocatalysts that can convert CO2 into hydrocarbons by utilizing synergistic catalytic sites. The findings provide a solution for the selective photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CH4.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Chengxian Hu, Dan Wang, Lu Wang, Ying Fu, Zhengyin Du
Summary: A novel one-pot, three-component reaction conducted under electrochemical conditions was studied. The reaction involved 2-aminothiophenols, aldehydes, and malononitrile, using TBABF4 as an electrolyte and CuI as a catalyst. The proposed reaction mechanism suggested that CuI served as an electron relay. This method offers simplified operation, high atom economy, and mild reaction conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zhi Yang, Yu Chen, Linxi Wan, Yuxiao Li, Dan Chen, Jianlin Tao, Pei Tang, Fen-Er Chen
Summary: A highly enantioselective method for the complete hydrogenation of pyrimidinium salts using Ir/(S,S)-f-Binaphane complex as the catalyst was developed. This method provides easy access to fully saturated chiral hexahydropyrimidines, which are prevalent in many bioactive molecules. The reactions exhibit high yields and enantioselectivities under mild reaction conditions without additives. Successful application of this methodology in a continuous flow fashion further extends its practical utility.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tina Jeoh, Jennifer Danger Nill, Wujun Zhao, Sankar Raju Narayanasamy, Liang Chen, Hoi-Ying N. Holman
Summary: In this study, the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was investigated using real-time infrared spectromicroscopy. The spatial heterogeneity of cellulose was found to impact the hydrolysis kinetics. Hydration affected cellulose ordering, and Cel7A preferentially removed less extensively hydrogen bonded cellulose.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tiphaine Richard, Walid Abdallah, Xavier Trivelli, Mathieu Sauthier, Clement Dumont
Summary: An effective method of grafting functionalities onto lignin based on glycerol carbonate has been developed using an efficient nickel-catalysed telomerisation reaction. This method allows lignin to have new reactive functions and reduces the glass transition temperatures of modified lignins, thereby expanding the application range of lignin-based resins.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jing Qi, Xiyan Wang, Gan Wang, Srinivas Reddy Dubbaka, Patrick ONeill, Hwee Ting Ang, Jie Wu
Summary: This study presents a green and environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of imides using electrocatalytic oxidation with H2O as the oxygen source. The method eliminates the need for toxic or expensive oxidants and achieves high yields under mild reaction conditions. It shows broad substrate compatibility and potential for industrial applications.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Babasaheb Sopan Gore, Lin-Wei Pan, Jun-Hao Lin, Yi-Chi Luo, Jeh-Jeng Wang
Summary: Here, we report a visible light-promoted intramolecular radical cascade reaction for the construction of fluorenol and naphthalene-fused cyclopropyl carbaldehyde derivatives. This method offers mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, excellent step efficiency, and scalability, without the need for external chemical oxidants. The novelty of this protocol was demonstrated by synthesizing chrysene analogs and performing late-stage functionalizations.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Juho Antti Sirvio, Idamaria Romakkaniemi, Juha Ahola, Svitlana Filonenko, Juha P. Heiskanen, Ari Ammala
Summary: This article discusses the method of using supramolecular interaction between an aromatic hydrogen bond donor and lignin to achieve rapid delignification of softwood at low temperatures.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yunyan Meng, Chunxiang Pan, Na Liu, Hongjiang Li, Zixiu Liu, Yao Deng, Zixiang Wei, Jianbin Xu, Baomin Fan
Summary: A novel visible light-driven synthesis method for 2,3-diamines has been developed, which has mild conditions, avoids the use of metal reagents, and can synthesize diamines and diols in one pot.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mingqing Huang, Haiyang Huang, Mengyao You, Xinxin Zhang, Longgen Sun, Chao Chen, Zhichao Mei, Ruchun Yang, Qiang Xiao
Summary: A direct air-oxidized strategy for the synthesis of benzo[b]phosphole oxides was developed in this study. Arylphosphine oxides were transformed into phosphinoyl radicals, which were further combined with various alkynes to achieve the desired products. DFT calculations revealed the mechanism of phosphinoyl radical formation.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Anwei Wang, Jiayin Huang, Chunsheng Zhao, Yu Fan, Junfeng Qian, Qun Chen, Mingyang He, Weiyou Zhou
Summary: This study demonstrates an innovative strategy for the aerobic oxidation of C(sp(3))-H bonds using gamma-valerolactone. By optimizing the reaction conditions and utilizing specific catalysts, efficient oxidation of C(sp(3))-H bonds is achieved with good chemoselectivity in certain cases.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Shun Li, Likai Tong, Zhijian Peng, Bo Zhang, Xiuli Fu
Summary: Sulfide compounds show promise as electrocatalysts for water splitting, but their performance is limited by factors such as limited active sites and hindered substance transport. This study successfully prepared a high-entropy sulfide (ZnCoMnFeAlMg)(9)S-8, which reduced grain size and increased specific surface area, enabling the realization of a dual-functional catalyst with multiple catalytic sites. High entropy also modulated the electronic properties of sulfides, reducing the potential energy barrier for hydrolysis. This research introduces a new approach for functionalizing high entropy nanomaterials and improves the performance of water splitting catalysts.
