Article
Engineering, Civil
Ashim Sattar, Umesh K. Haritashya, Jeffrey S. Kargel, Gregory J. Leonard, Dan H. Shugar, Donald Chase
Summary: The study evaluates the hazards of potential glacier lake outburst floods from the Lower Barun Lake near Mount Everest in Nepal. The assessment includes modeling potential avalanches entering the lake and potential outbursts, along with analyzing the impact on downstream settlements. The research reveals that the magnitude and frequency of GLOFs have a significant impact on people and infrastructure downstream.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Geography, Physical
Ashim Sattar, Ajanta Goswami, Anil Kulkarni, Adam Emmer, Umesh K. Haritashya, Simon Allen, Holger Frey, Christian Huggel
Summary: This study assessed the future glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) hazard of the South Lhonak Lake in the Sikkim Himalaya, considering the potential impacts of continued glacier retreat and avalanche events. The results indicate that the lake's growth may lead to overtopping of the frontal moraine, triggering GLOFs and causing significant downstream impacts.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Taigang Zhang, Weicai Wang, Tanguang Gao, Baosheng An
Summary: Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are common natural disasters in high mountain regions, and the expansion of glacial lakes in the Himalayas due to climate change has raised concerns. Hazard assessments on certain glacial lakes suggest potential widespread damage that could impact both China and Nepal.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Sonam Rinzin, Guoqing Zhang, Sonam Wangchuk
Summary: The study found that glacier melt is the main driver of glacial lake expansion, and it is necessary to extend glacial lake evolution studies back to the 1960s. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data have shown good capabilities in determining glacial lake changes.
FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Changjun Gu, Suju Li, Ming Liu, Kailong Hu, Ping Wang
Summary: This study monitored the daily changes in Lake Mercbacher, calculated the maximum lake area and the proportion of floating ice and water, and found patterns in the lake area changes and the advance of the outburst date. The study also discovered an increasing trend in the outburst date, influenced by climate warming. This research provides crucial references for monitoring and early warning systems for Lake Mercbacher GLOFs.
Article
Geography, Physical
Taigang Zhang, Weicai Wang, Baosheng An, Tanguang Gao, Tandong Yao
Summary: This study used a glacier ice thickness distribution dataset to identify potential glacial lakes in the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. The study found a significant number of potential glacial lakes and provided morphological metrics to determine their formation probability. The results also highlighted the concentration of these lakes in the lower half of individual glaciers and within a specific elevation range. The findings contribute to our understanding of future glacial lake formation and distribution in the region and have important implications for flood prevention and water security measures.
GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Liye Yang, Zhong Lu, Chaojun Ouyang, Chaoying Zhao, Xie Hu, Qin Zhang
Summary: This study presents a comprehensive analysis of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the Shishapangma region using remote sensing datasets and flood modeling, providing a basis for GLOF mitigation.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Dahong Zhang, Gang Zhou, Wen Li, Lei Han, Shiqiang Zhang, Xiaojun Yao, Hongyu Duan
Summary: As reports on glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) have increased with global warming, it is critical to have a robust GLOF susceptibility assessment approach for disaster prevention. This study used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and various data sources to assess the potential hazard grades of glacial lakes in the Nidu Zangbo Basin in the Tibetan Plateau. The approach successfully identified high potentially hazardous glacial lakes and proved its effectiveness by accurately predicting a GLOF event in 2020.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Arindam Chowdhury, Tomas Kroczek, Sunil Kumar De, Vit Vilimek, Milap Chand Sharma, Manasi Debnath
Summary: The Sikkim Himalayan glaciers and glacial lakes are experiencing the impact of climate change, leading to an increase in the total lake area, particularly in the Gurudongmar lake complex. Climate change and ongoing glacier retreat are the main factors contributing to the expansion of the lake areas, with changes in precipitation levels affecting the expansion velocity of the glacial lakes.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Ashim Sattar, Simon Allen, Martin Mergili, Wilfried Haeberli, Holger Frey, Anil V. V. Kulkarni, Umesh K. K. Haritashya, Christian Huggel, Ajanta Goswami, Raaj Ramsankaran
Summary: Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) pose a serious threat to Himalayan communities, but mitigation strategies are limited and future hazards are rarely considered. This study assesses the current and future GLOF hazard for Gepang Gath Lake in the Western Himalayas, considering rock and ice avalanches cascading into the lake from areas of degrading permafrost. The study evaluates different scenarios of GLOF impacts, erosion patterns, and debris flow hydraulics, taking into account the engineered lowering of the lake. The findings demonstrate that the size of the future lake does not determine the size of GLOF events in Sissu, highlighting the importance of avalanche location and impact. Lowering the lake by 10 or 30 meters can reduce the high-intensity flood zone, but the Sissu helipad remains at risk under moderate-to-large scenarios. This study provides insights into the effectiveness of lake lowering as a GLOF mitigation strategy.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE
(2023)
Article
Geography, Physical
Nazir Ahmed Bazai, Peng Cui, Dingzhu Liu, Paul A. Carling, Hao Wang, Guotao Zhang, Yao Li, Javed Hassan
Summary: This study investigates ice dammed glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) associated with surge glaciers, focusing on the Khurdopin Glacier in the Karakoram region. The research analyzes seven surge periodical cycles and three surge events using satellite imagery, identifying the importance of surge velocities in controlling conduit development and subsequent GLOFs. A subglacial drainage model was developed to estimate peak discharge timing in GLOF hydrographs, highlighting the dominance of conduit melt enlargement as a drainage process. The study's results suggest that the proposed model could be widely applied for surge-type glaciers worldwide to anticipate ice-dammed lake formation and GLOFs, allowing for timely precautionary measures and reducing downstream damage.
GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Taigang Zhang, Weicai Wang, Tanguang Gao, Baosheng An, Tandong Yao
Summary: Glacial lakes in the Himalayas have been the source of over 100 glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) since 1900, causing significant casualties and economic losses. This study presents a thorough inventory of potentially dangerous glacial lakes (PDGLs) and improves the evaluation system to identify high-hazard glacial lakes based on key assessment factors. The best combination of assessment factors is applied to 1650 glacial lakes in the Himalayas, identifying 207 as very high-hazard and 345 as high-hazard, which can serve as benchmark data for assessing GLOF risks for local communities.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Georg Veh, Natalie Luetzow, Varvara Kharlamova, Dmitry Petrakov, Romain Hugonnet, Oliver Korup
Summary: Thousands of glacier lakes have formed in high mountains since the early 20th century following glacier retreat. Some of these lakes have released large amounts of water and sediment with disastrous consequences downstream. However, it is unclear whether the reported rise in glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) is due to a warming atmosphere or simply increased research efforts. This study finds that the number of reported GLOFs has decreased since the 1970s, coinciding with changes in annual air temperatures and number of field-based glacier surveys. The findings suggest a weak coupling between temperature-driven glacier processes and GLOF occurrences, or the possibility of overlooked outbursts.
Article
Geography, Physical
Adam Emmer, Joanne L. Wood, Simon J. Cook, Stephan Harrison, Ryan Wilson, Alejandro Diaz-Moreno, John M. Reynolds, Juan C. Torres, Christian Yarleque, Martin Mergili, Harrinson W. Jara, Georgie Bennett, Adriana Caballero, Neil F. Glasser, Enver Melgarejo, Christian Riveros, Sarah Shannon, Efrain Turpo, Tito Tinoco, Lucas Torres, David Garay, Hilbert Villafane, Henrry Garrido, Carlos Martinez, Nebenka Apaza, Julia Araujo, Carlos Poma
Summary: This study examines GLOF events in glacierized areas of the Cordilleras of Peru and Bolivia using high-resolution satellite and aerial imagery, as well as documentary data. A total of 160 GLOF events from 151 individual sites are characterized and analyzed, tripling the number of previously reported events. The study provides important statistics on these events for regional GLOF hazard identification and assessment.
GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Liye Yang, Zhong Lu, Chaoying Zhao, Jinwoo Kim, Chengsheng Yang, Baohang Wang, Xiaojie Liu, Zhe Wang
Summary: This study systematically analyzed the contributing factors to the glacial lake outburst flooding (GLOF) disaster, including meteorological triggering, glacial activity, lake expansion, landslide, and glacial collapse, using multi-source remote sensing approaches. The research found that heavy rainfall, landslide, and ice collapse within a short period of time likely caused the GLOF event in June 2020.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Adam Emmer, Vojtech Curin
Summary: Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are considered one of the most serious hazards in deglaciating high mountain regions worldwide, highlighting the need for GLOF hazard and risk assessment. Recent studies have attempted to assess GLOF hazard on a regional and national scale, but simplification may lead to neglect of qualitative characteristics. This study explores using quantitative characteristics and ratios to approximate lake dam types, but results show negligible differences in relative frequencies along the spectra.
JOURNAL OF MOUNTAIN SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
Eliska Krkoska Lorencova, Lenka Slavikova, Adam Emmer, Eliska Vejchodska, Kristyna Rybova, Davina Vackarova
Summary: The study highlights the urgency of climate change adaptation planning in cities and the efficiency of ecosystem-based approaches in enhancing sustainable resilience. It emphasizes the importance of stakeholder perception of climate change risks, prioritization of EbA measures, and institutional context in decision-making processes for adaptation planning. The variation in prioritization and suitability of EbA measures among cities is influenced by local settings and climate-related risks, while collaboration between city, NGOs, and academics can overcome barriers to implementation.
URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING
(2021)
Article
Geography, Physical
Ashim Sattar, Ajanta Goswami, Anil Kulkarni, Adam Emmer, Umesh K. Haritashya, Simon Allen, Holger Frey, Christian Huggel
Summary: This study assessed the future glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) hazard of the South Lhonak Lake in the Sikkim Himalaya, considering the potential impacts of continued glacier retreat and avalanche events. The results indicate that the lake's growth may lead to overtopping of the frontal moraine, triggering GLOFs and causing significant downstream impacts.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Anant Gautam, Suresh Chand Rai, Shive Prakash Rai
Summary: In this study, groundwater suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes was analyzed in the Bist-Doab region using various indices. The results indicated that groundwater quality was affected by anthropogenic activities, with some blocks unsuitable for domestic use and southwestern parts unsuitable for irrigation. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of groundwater quality was emphasized for strategic planning and management of groundwater resources in the region.
Article
Geography, Physical
Adam Emmer, Joanne L. Wood, Simon J. Cook, Stephan Harrison, Ryan Wilson, Alejandro Diaz-Moreno, John M. Reynolds, Juan C. Torres, Christian Yarleque, Martin Mergili, Harrinson W. Jara, Georgie Bennett, Adriana Caballero, Neil F. Glasser, Enver Melgarejo, Christian Riveros, Sarah Shannon, Efrain Turpo, Tito Tinoco, Lucas Torres, David Garay, Hilbert Villafane, Henrry Garrido, Carlos Martinez, Nebenka Apaza, Julia Araujo, Carlos Poma
Summary: This study examines GLOF events in glacierized areas of the Cordilleras of Peru and Bolivia using high-resolution satellite and aerial imagery, as well as documentary data. A total of 160 GLOF events from 151 individual sites are characterized and analyzed, tripling the number of previously reported events. The study provides important statistics on these events for regional GLOF hazard identification and assessment.
GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Anant Gautam, S. C. Rai, S. P. Rai, Kripa Ram, Sanny
Summary: This study analyzes the impact of anthropogenic activities and geological factors on the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Bist-Doab region of Punjab, India. The results show that the groundwater is predominantly of the Ca2+- Mg(2+ )HCO(3)(- )type, and anthropogenic activities accelerate the interaction between rocks and water.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Vijendra Kumar Pandey, Rajesh Kumar, Rupendra Singh, Suresh Chand Rai, Ramesh P. Singh, Arun Kumar Tripathi, Vijay Kumar Soni, S. Nawaz Ali, Dakshina Tamang, Syed Umer Latief
Summary: A catastrophic flood occurred in the Rishiganga River on 7 February 2021, caused by a rockslide in the upper reach of the Raunthi River. This event resulted in severe damage and loss of lives, as well as the flooding of displaced materials.
GEOMATICS NATURAL HAZARDS & RISK
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Prabuddh Kumar Mishra, Aman Rai, Kamal Abdelrahman, Suresh Chand Rai, Anuj Tiwari
Summary: Agriculture is the main livelihood source in rural areas of Sikkim, with 80% of the population engaged in it, facing challenges like water scarcity, climate change, and soil erosion. Despite the use of indigenous agriculture management methods, the agricultural production system is weakening in the Sikkim Himalaya region.
Article
Fisheries
Jham Lal, Pravesh Kumar, Sahil Rai, Prem Prakash Srivastava, Shivendra Kumar, Roshan Kumar Ram, Suresh Chand Rai
Summary: The study evaluated the effects of HUFA- and vitamin C-enriched infusoria on the growth and survival of C. magur larvae. The results showed that enrichment with HUFA can significantly increase the survival rate of the larvae.
AQUACULTURE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Geography, Physical
Adam Emmer
Summary: This study examines the longevity of geomorphic diagnostic features of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and its implications for building GLOF inventories. The analysis of 160 GLOFs in the Tropical Andes reveals that breached dams and pre-GLOF water levels can persist for over 102 years, while outwash fans and impact areas are more prone to degradation and vanishing. This highlights the importance of considering the persistence and degradation of GLOF diagnostic features in inventory building.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Basanta Paudel, Prem Sagar Chapagain, Shobha Shrestha, Yili Zhang, Linshan Liu, Jianzhong Yan, Suresh Chand Rai, Md. Nurul Islam, Tibendra Raj Banskota, Khagendra Raj Poudel, Keshav Raj Dhakal
Summary: The study analyzes the climate change in different ecological regions of the Nepal Himalayas, focusing on temperature and precipitation trends. The findings show that temperature has been increasing in all three regions, while precipitation has been decreasing. Farmers have noticed the impact of climate change on their crops, including increased pests and rodents. The study highlights the need for micro-level research to effectively combat climate change at a local scale.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Anant Gautam, Suresh Chand Rai
Summary: The present study aims to delineate groundwater zones in the Bist-Doab region of Punjab, India using multi-criteria decision analysis based on land-use/cover pattern, groundwater table, and groundwater quality for domestic and agricultural use. The study reveals that about 71% of the region is used for agriculture, 12% for built-up areas, 7% for forest cover, 5% for tree plantation, 3% for water bodies, and the remaining 2% for open areas. Additionally, the groundwater table shows that around 8% of the region has a groundwater table below 30 m, mainly concentrated around urban areas. Qualitatively, the study finds that certain areas have unsuitable groundwater for domestic consumption and irrigation, with poor water quality mainly observed in urban agglomerations due to high urbanization and industrialization.
ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Adam Emmer, Daniel Hoelbling, Lorena Abad, Petr Stepanek, Pavel Zahradnicek, Ilona Emmerova
Summary: This article documents and characterizes landslides associated with extensive road construction works in the remote eastern part of the Peruvian Cordillera Blanca. It shows that the majority of mapped landslides were directly related to road constructions and primarily occurred during the subsequent wet season.
ANAIS DA ACADEMIA BRASILEIRA DE CIENCIAS
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Adam Emmer, Simon K. Allen, Mark Carey, Holger Frey, Christian Huggel, Oliver Korup, Martin Mergili, Ashim Sattar, Georg Veh, Thomas Y. Chen, Simon J. Cook, Mariana Correas-Gonzalez, Soumik Das, Alejandro Diaz Moreno, Fabian Drenkhan, Melanie Fischer, Walter W. Immerzeel, Enaut Izagirre, Ramesh Chandra Joshi, Ioannis Kougkoulos, Riamsara Kuyakanon Knapp, Dongfeng Li, Ulfat Majeed, Stephanie Matti, Holly Moulton, Faezeh Nick, Valentine Piroton, Irfan Rashid, Masoom Reza, Anderson Ribeiro de Figueiredo, Christian Riveros, Finu Shrestha, Milan Shrestha, Jakob Steiner, Noah Walker-Crawford, Joanne L. Wood, Jacob C. Yde
Summary: This study provides an overview of recent research on glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and presents trends and challenges for future research based on perspectives from the first GLOF conference. The study highlights the increasing focus on understanding the physical drivers and mechanisms of GLOF hazards and the socioeconomic factors affecting vulnerabilities to GLOF events.
NATURAL HAZARDS AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Environmental Studies
Prabuddh Kumar Mishra, Aman Rai, Kamal Abdelrahman, Suresh Chand Rai, Anuj Tiwari
Summary: This study investigated land degradation, overland flow, soil loss, and nutrient loss in the Eastern Himalayas. The results showed that barren land had the highest soil erosion and nutrient loss, while terrace cultivation had the lowest. Some farmers in the watershed were taking measures to control land degradation, but marginal farmers still needed government support.
Article
Geography, Physical
A. Securo, C. Del Gobbo, L. Rettig, S. Pillon, A. De Luca, D. Fontana, E. Benedetti Fasil, R. R. Colucci
Summary: Small glaciers in temperate mountain regions have experienced significant reduction and unprecedented melt rates in recent years. Some glaciers have transitioned from clean ice to debris-covered or even rock glaciers. This study examines the surface elevation change of the Popera Alto glacier in the Sesto Dolomites using LiDAR and Structure from Motion surveys, and analyzes its evolution in terms of surface cover and geomorphic processes. The glacier has lost an average of 0.35 m water equivalent per year over the past 16 years, with active modification of its surface cover by geomorphic processes. The role of debris and local topography feedback has allowed the resilience of the glacier, leading to a marked difference between the current environmental equilibrium line altitude (envELA) and the effective ELA (effELA) of the glacier.
Article
Geography, Physical
Zhenzhen Yan, Yaolin Shi, Lili Kang, Xiangtao Fan
Summary: This study proposes a quantitative regional deformation model based on global positioning system (GPS) data to quantitatively analyze the morphological evolution of rivers in the Three Rivers Region. It finds that tectonic deformation phases significantly control regional landscape development and drainage features.
Article
Geography, Physical
Said Mukhtar Ahmad, Nitheshnirmal Sadhasivam, Mona Lisa, Luigi Lombardo, Mustafa Kemal Emil, Amira Zaki, Cees J. Van Westen, Islam Fadel, Hakan Tanyas
Summary: In this study, we investigated a large slow-moving landslide in Northern Pakistan, using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) analysis. Our results showed that the crown of the landslide is moving faster than the surrounding regions, while the footslope experienced high deformations. We discussed the possible roles of meteorologic and anthropogenic factors in causing these deformations.
Article
Geography, Physical
Shuang Bian, Xibin Tan, Yiduo Liu, Suoya Fan, Junfeng Gong, Chao Zhou, Feng Shi, Michael A. Murphy
Summary: The Yarlung River's drainage divide is primarily moving north due to variations in precipitation across the Himalayas. The Gangdese drainage divide shows predominantly northward and southward migration, controlled by base-level rise and downstream influences. The presence of north-trending rifts separates the drainage divides into five zones, each with a distinct migration pattern.
Article
Geography, Physical
Joon-Young Park, Seok Yoon, Deuk-Hwan Lee, Seung-Rae Lee, Hwan-Hui Lim
Summary: This study developed a multiple-regression model to estimate site-specific average growth rates of debris flow events. The proposed model was validated through a case study and showed reasonable predictions of debris flow velocities and heights.
Article
Geography, Physical
Nicholas Reilly Mccarroll, Arnaud Temme
Summary: New geochronological data from hillslope boulder armor in the Flint Hills reveal the rates and timing of lateral retreat in the landscape. Surfaces of limestone boulders dating back to the Pleistocene era were found, and the ages of the hillslope armor increased with distance from the limestone bench. The estimated rate of lateral retreat in this landscape is 0.02 mm/yr.
Article
Geography, Physical
Xinbo Yao, Yuntao Tian
Summary: By studying the Longmenshan-Minshan drainage divide, we found that it has reached a dynamic steady state, indicating a balance between erosion and rock uplift. This study also reveals the process of formation and evolution of the divide and raises questions about the effectiveness of divide migration metrics.
Article
Geography, Physical
Junhui Yu, Pin Yan, Yanlin Wang, Guangjian Zhong, Changliang Chen
Summary: The seafloor mounds in the Chaoshan Depression of the South China Sea are identified as mud volcanoes, with fluids coming from underlying mud-fluid diapirs. The hydrocarbon gases feeding the mud volcanoes and diapirs are reasoned to originate from deep Mesozoic source rocks, indicating significant Mesozoic hydrocarbon potential in the Chaoshan Depression.
Article
Geography, Physical
Marius Huber, Luc Scholtes, Jerome Lave
Summary: This paper investigates the relationships between hillslope stability and fabric anisotropy of brittle rock materials and the implications for landscape shaping. It explores the different stability modes and movement characteristics of anisotropic materials, and demonstrates the significant control of material anisotropy on landscape shaping.
Article
Geography, Physical
Shubhra Sharma, Anil D. Shukla
Summary: The study investigates the relationship between glacial dynamics and lake sedimentation during the mid-Holocene climate variability in the Southern Zanskar ranges. It utilizes geomorphological disposition, elemental geochemistry, and optical chronology of relict lake sediment to reconstruct the pattern of minor glacier responses to climate variability. The results indicate six centennial to millennial-scale climatic phases, with warmer phases represented by decreased mineralogical fine grain flux and increased coarse grain flux. The study highlights the potential of relict lake sediment and para/peri-glacial landforms in understanding glacial dynamics and climate change during the Holocene.
Article
Geography, Physical
Jean-Francois Bernier, Sydney W. Meury, Patrick Lajeunesse
Summary: In this study, an approach combining various data and observation methods was proposed to improve the monitoring of landfast ice dynamics and its geomorphic impact on sedimentary systems. The results demonstrate the ability of the approach to accurately measure interannual variations in landfast ice and constrain geomorphic changes. Additionally, the study found a strong relationship between the severity of freezing seasons and the response of landfast ice to hydrometeorological events, with different geomorphic responses observed under different winter conditions.
Article
Geography, Physical
Heping Shu, Fanyu Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the relationship between susceptibility of soil-water hazards and human activities, geoheritage sites in the Loess Plateau, China. Landslide and gully erosion susceptibility were obtained using gradient boosting and support vector machines, and a hazard matrix was formed to couple landslide and gully erosion susceptibility. The study found different trends in the magnification times of soil-water hazards chain under different scenarios.
Article
Geography, Physical
Guangqiang Qian, Zhuanling Yang, Xuegang Xing, Zhibao Dong, Youyuan Guo
Summary: Granule ripples are aeolian landforms armored against erosion by coarse grains. This study investigates their seasonal morphological evolution and migration in the Sanlongsha Dune Field. The findings show that wind events, especially those exceeding the threshold velocities of coarse grains, significantly influence the morphodynamics of granule ripples. The study highlights the importance of considering the reptation and saltation of coarse grains in future research on granule ripples.
