Journal
FUTURE MICROBIOLOGY
Volume 12, Issue 14, Pages 1297-1310Publisher
FUTURE MEDICINE LTD
DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0229
Keywords
antimicrobial; benzalkonium chloride; Escherichia coli; NHEK; phenalen-1-one; photodynamic; SAPYR; singlet oxygen
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Funding
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) [CI 263/1-1]
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Aim: Five photoactive compounds with variable elongated alkyl-substituents in a phenalen-1-one structure were examined in view of structural similarity to the antimicrobial agent benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Methods: All phenalen-1-ones and BAC were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and for their eukaryotic toxicity against normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) cells to narrow down the BAC-like effect and the photodynamic effect depending on the chemical structure. All compounds were investigated for effective concentration ranges, where a bacterial reduction of 5 log(10) is achieved, while an NHEK survival of 80% is ensured. Results: Effective concentration ranges were found for four out of five photoactive compounds, but not for BAC and the compound with BAC-like alkyl chain length. Conclusion: Chain length size and polar area of the respective head-groups of phenalen-1-one compounds or BAC showed an influence on the incorporation inside lipid membranes and thus, head-groups may have an impact on the toxicity of antimicrobials.
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