Review
Materials Science, Composites
Yue Zhang, Jun Fang, Jingwu Wang, Luyao Zhao, Yongming Zhang
Summary: Thermal aging affects the polymer ignition and flame spread process by changing the polymer's crystallinity and pyrolysis temperature. Chemical kinetics and heat transfer control the ignition delay at different pressures. The flame spread behavior is influenced by the wire's crystallinity and pyrolysis temperature, impacting the relationship between flame area and flame height.
JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
A. Elyanov, V Golub, V. Volodin
Summary: An experimental and analytical study was conducted to investigate the burning characteristics of hydrogen-air mixtures with different concentrations in channels with central and peripheral ignition. The results showed that peripheral ignition resulted in an increased flame propagation speed and a shorter time to reach maximum pressure. An analytical model was developed to describe the flame dynamics in both cases. The findings could be applied to the design of hydrogen-fueled engines with reduced knock-effect.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
YaChao Wang, Mingrui Xu, JiangPing Zhao, A. Xin
Summary: In this study, nano-ZnO/melamine polyphosphate co-doped silica fume-based geopolymer composite coatings were fabricated for flame-retarding plywood. The results showed that an appropriate dosage of nano-ZnO enhanced flame retardancy by initiating the formation of ceramic-like Si/C/P residues. This study provides an efficient approach for recycling metallurgical solid waste and quantitatively probing the Si/C/P residues.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Sandra Olson, Osamu Fujita, Masao Kikuchi, Takashi Kashiwagi
Summary: Quantitative image analysis of infrared measurements were compared to visible color images for studying simultaneous upstream and downstream flame spread over thermally thin cellulose samples in microgravity. Results showed significant differences in surface temperature gradients, preheat lengths, and pyrolysis lengths between upstream and downstream flames.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yangshuhan Xu, Daming Gao, Qiang Dong, Minghua Li, Anqiu Liu, Xiaochen Wang, Shufen Wang, Qiao Liu
Summary: In this study, hydrophobic and hydrophilic nano-silica modified epoxy coatings were used to protect carbon steel from corrosion. The results demonstrated that adding hydrophobic nano-silica significantly enhances the anticorrosive performance of epoxy coatings.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Xiaodong Li, Qi Wang, Xu Cui, Xinwen Feng, Fei Teng, Mingyao Xu, Weiguo Su, Jun He
Summary: This study investigates and compares the impact of adding nanofillers with different dimensions, including two-dimensional boron nitride and zero-dimensional silica, on the mechanical and toughness properties of epoxy resin. At low fractions, 2DBN/epoxy composites exhibit higher Young's modulus, fracture toughness, and critical strain energy release rate compared to SiO2/epoxy composites. However, workability deteriorates significantly for BN/epoxy composites above a specific nanofiller concentration. BN prevents crack growth by drawing and bridging, while SiO2 enhances performance by deflecting the crack direction and forming voids. The dimension and content of nanofiller also significantly influence the glass transition temperature and storage modulus.
Article
Thermodynamics
Ulises Rojas-Alva, Frederik Moller-Poulsen, Sze-Lok Man, Cameron Creamer, David Hanna, Grunde Jomaas
Summary: This study experimentally investigated the influence of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane thickness on diffusion flame behavior and silica ash (SiO2) production. The experiments were conducted under normal gravity and microgravity conditions, and the relationship between flame spread rate and silica ash transport was discovered. The results suggest that silica ash may dominate flame spread in microgravity environments.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Ali A. Rajhi
Summary: Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials are versatile due to their high specific stiffness and strength, but their brittle nature limits their properties. Adding nanoparticles as fillers in FRP composites can overcome these limitations. This paper focuses on studying the effect of nanofillers on the mechanical behavior of glass/epoxy composites.
Review
Polymer Science
Francesco Branda, Rossella Grappa, Aniello Costantini, Giuseppina Luciani
Summary: This review focuses on the opportunities provided by sol-gel chemistry for the production of silica/epoxy nanocomposites, with significant representative examples of the extra situ approach and an updated description of the in situ strategy. The extra situ strategy enables the creation of nanocomposites containing highly engineered nanoparticles. The in situ approach is a very promising synthesis route that allows us to produce, in a much easier and eco-friendly manner, properly flame-retarded silica/epoxy nanocomposites endowed with very interesting properties.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kui Wang, Weijiang Huang, Kai Zhang, Xingyu Guan, Qin Tian, Chunyun Tu, Qiuping Fu, Wei Yan
Summary: Inorganic particles with controllable morphology and composition are crucial for regulating the flame retardancy of polymers. In this study, aluminum phosphate-coated silica particles were prepared, and the effect of the coating content on the morphology was investigated. The results showed that the coated particles could simultaneously enhance the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resin.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Thi Vi Vi Do, Van Hau Vo Le, Ngoc Uyen Nguyen Thai, Hue Ngan Dai, Anne-Cecile Grillet, Chi Nhan Ha Thuc
Summary: This study demonstrates that the addition of nano-silica particles can enhance the compression strength and thermal stability of polyurethane foams (PUF), while also leading to a more uniform cell structure in the PUF samples. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of PUF was found to be improved with the inclusion of nano-silica particles under varying humidity levels.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Xiaoqing Qiu, Zhiwei Li, Xiaohong Li, Zhijun Zhang
Summary: A novel nano fire extinguisher is constructed by loading DMMP into m-SiO2, which possesses excellent flame retardancy and thermal stability.
COMPOSITES COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Renlin Fang, Dong Di, Cunxiang Ma, Yuanhao Deng, Yunpeng Liu, Yingwen Yan
Summary: This study investigated the ignition and co-flame process of the dual annular combustor (DAC) using high speed camera and Particle Laser Velocimetry (PIV). The flow field structure obtained by PIV included various zones and jets. The ignition process had four stages and showed different performance in each stage. The time of each stage decreased with increasing Reynolds number, reducing the ignition delay time. The flame path analysis revealed that the transverse propagation mode in the head was crucial for ignition. Two co-flame mechanisms were identified in the cross-flame process of the DAC: flame tongue co-flame mechanism and heat reflux combined small flame co-flame mechanism.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Gan Xiao, Haiwen Ge, Peng Zhao
Summary: This study aims to explore flame ignition and propagation characteristics in high-temperature flame experiments conducted in a shock tube, finding that flame ignition is highly sensitive to ignition energy and initial reaction progress, with significant variations in flame behavior under different conditions. For steady-state simulation, a sufficiently short upstream and sufficiently long downstream domain are necessary to obtain desired flame solutions.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Lin Zhang, Yitao Cao, Jianhan Liang, Yi Wang, Mingbo Sun
Summary: The mixing flow of a sonic transverse jet injection in a supersonic cavity combustor is numerically investigated at two typical inflow velocities. The simulation results show that at low Mach inflow, the separation shock gradually merges with the bow shock, smaller large-scale coherent structures and slower large-scale vortex transport are observed, and narrower range of jet species mass fraction distributions and more upstream large-scale vortices breakdown and dissipation can be observed. The low Mach inflow generates weaker pair of counter-rotating vortices and some trailing counter-rotating vortices, which primarily leads to the weaker jet/cavity interaction.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Tarek Beji, Bouaza Lafdal, Rabah Mehaddi
Summary: The paper presents experimental measurements of transient profiles of burning rates and liquid temperatures in methanol and heptane pool fires. The results suggest significant enhancement in heat transfer due to convective motion within the liquid. Additionally, a two-zone approach for the thermal structure within the liquid has been proposed and will be implemented in a numerical code.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Walter Klein-Hessling
Summary: Fire simulations and analytical validation approaches are becoming increasingly important in the fire safety assessment of nuclear power plants. The COCOSYS code has been improved to better simulate cable fires and has been validated through experiments. It provides a set of input parameters for different ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Bing Wu, Yu Meng, Yongzheng Yao, Baiwei Lei, Jingxin Wang, Junjie Zhai
Summary: Underground laneway fires have a throttling effect on ventilation systems and the amount of CO produced by combustion is significantly influenced by ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Ahmad Hassan, Gilbert Accary, Duncan Sutherland, Khalid Moinuddin
Summary: Numerical simulations were conducted to study laboratory-scale junction fires with a shrub fuel bed under different unidirectional wind conditions on various terrain slopes and junction angles. The results showed that the decrease in junction angle enhanced fire spread, and the impact of wind speed on fire behavior depended on the intermediate values of the junction angle. The driving heat transfer mode in junction fires varied based on the presence of wind and slope conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Samuel Vaux, Emeline Georges, Hugues Pretrel
Summary: This study investigates an elevated pool fire scenario in a confined and forced ventilated compartment through both experimental and numerical methods. The objective is to enhance the understanding of the phenomena and evaluate the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) capabilities in this configuration. The comparison between large-scale fire tests and numerical simulations reveals differences in fuel mass loss rate and thermal stratifications between elevated and ground fires. The study also highlights the limitations of the predictive approach commonly used for ground fires when applied to elevated fires.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Mira von der Linde, Meinald T. Thielsch
Summary: This study investigates the motivation, emotions, and value of laypeople in fire incidents and finds that their active involvement provides support. The findings are helpful for emergency managers.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Hong-Zeng Yu, Xiangyang Zhou
Summary: This study conducted fire tests to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating nitrogen to enhance the fire extinguishing capability of water mist in an obstructed, naturally-ventilated enclosure. The results showed that adding nitrogen did improve the water mist's fire extinguishing capability, although the extent of improvement varied depending on the fire size, obstruction, and ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Rosaria Ono, Marcos Vargas Valentim, Fulvio Vittorino
Summary: This study presents the analysis of unimpeded walking speed of primary school children in descending movement in stairs, including the differences on walking speeds on the flights and landings and the impact of anthropo-metrical data on their walking speed. The research aimed to provide data for evacuation modelling that is not influenced by factors like crowds or adults controlling the flow. The findings show that anthropometrical characteristics or age do not significantly affect the children's movement in free walking condition, and the reduction factor on flights for children is higher than commonly adopted in simulation models.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Nicolas Correa, Juan Cuevas, Andres Fuentes, Jose Luis Torero, Pedro Reszka
Summary: The use of mass timber framing in high-rise buildings requires accurate structural fire performance calculations. A thermal model incorporating char oxidation is proposed in this study, and its effectiveness is validated by replicating experimental results. However, the model fails to accurately simulate the behavior during the later stages of surface combustion.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Bouaza Lafdal, Rabah Mehaddi, Pascal Boulet, Elmehdi Koutaiba, Tarek Beji
Summary: This paper presents a series of 48 enclosure fire experiments conducted in a 1.40 m cubic compartment. A new oscillatory combustion regime is discovered, characterized by alternations between well-ventilated and under-ventilated conditions. This finding calls for a better understanding and further analysis of the underlying physics.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Shenggang Fan, Xingyang Zheng, Jiacheng Zheng, Meijing Liu, Daoyang Dong
Summary: Based on experimental data and constitutive models, a simplified constitutive model of AISI304 stainless steel at high temperatures was proposed and analyzed in this study. Finite element analysis results showed that the simplified constitutive model produced acceptable results compared to the constitutive model fitted based on experimental data, indicating its feasibility and accuracy in calculating the fire resistance of specimens.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Julian E. Mendez, Martyn S. McLaggan, David Lange
Summary: The study characterised the fire spread dynamics in a simplified ventilated facade by conducting parametric experiments. The results showed a strong relationship between flame height and heat release rate. It was also found that the time for encapsulation failure and subsequent cladding material core ignition decreased as the cavity width was reduced. The study highlights the importance of considering the interaction of the products used in the facade and its geometry for the design of facade assemblies when accounting for the fire performance of the system.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
A. Galgano, C. Di Blasi
Summary: A sensitivity analysis was conducted on a one-dimensional solid-gas model for the ignition of thick poly (methyl methacrylate). The study found that the kinetics of polymer decomposition and monomer combustion play a crucial role in ignition time, and the properties of the polymer and the decomposition atmosphere should be properly considered.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Thomas Gernay
Summary: This paper provides an overview of the application of the Performance-Based Design approach in structural fire design. The value of the approach is demonstrated through case studies, and the process and role of the structural fire engineer are described. Recent research conducted at Johns Hopkins University, including issues such as the coupling between fire and thermal-structural models, characterization of material behavior at elevated temperature, numerical modeling of structures in fire, probabilistic risk assessment, and cost-benefit analyses, is discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of challenges and future perspectives for performance-based structural fire design.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Salman Ahmad, Hafiz Usman Ahmed, Asad Ali, Xinyi Yang, Ying Huang, Mingwei Guo, Yihao Ren, Pan Lu
Summary: This study investigates the driving behavior patterns of individuals during historical wildfire events and reveals the influence of driving conditions and wildfires on driving behavior, as well as the differences in driving behavior patterns between rural and urban areas.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)