Review
Construction & Building Technology
Mugahed Amran, Shan-Shan Huang, Ali M. Onaizi, G. Murali, Hakim S. Abdelgader
Summary: Building and infrastructure damages have become increasingly important due to the expansion of rural and urban constructions. High-strength concretes (HSCs) are more susceptible to fire-induced spalling than conventional strength concrete. Spalling can lead to catastrophic loss of life and damage to critical infrastructure. Therefore, the fire resistance of HSCs and strategies to prevent spalling should be urgently explored.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Rujia Qiao, Yinbo Guo, Hang Zhou, Huihui Xi
Summary: This study aims to establish an analytical model to estimate the influence of concrete spalling on fire-damage depth prediction. Through conducting fire tests, the spalling phenomenon and characteristics of concrete were observed. Based on experimental results, the moisture content of concrete was identified as one of the key factors of spalling. By using the proposed analytical model, the spalling depth related to the temperature rise of tunnel fire could be predicted.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jianqing Lin, Yuli Dong, Jintao Duan, Dashan Zhang, Wei Zheng
Summary: The study on single-tunnel fires in concrete immersed tunnels revealed that fires can impact unexposed tunnels, causing deformation and cracking. Cracks in the immersed tunnel consisted mainly of circumferential and longitudinal cracks, with the former connected in places without stirrups. Analysis of basic AE parameters and 3D scanner results showed that concrete spalling was caused by different mechanisms, with a maximum depth of 110 mm.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Zhiwei Shan, Zhuoya Wu, S. H. Lo, R. K. L. Su
Summary: Fire-induced spalling is an ongoing primary concern in the application of high-strength concrete in building structures. Therefore, an innovative bilayer method, in which high strength concrete is surrounded by a layer of normal strength concrete, is proposed. Experimental results indicate that the performance of bilayer columns is similar to that of high strength concrete columns in terms of strength and deformation. A minimum effective thickness of 100 mm is recommended to prevent spalling.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Nan Hua, Anthony Tessari, Negar Elhami Khorasani
Summary: This paper presents a framework for designing the concrete lining in a tunnel in the event of loss of functionality following a fire, considering factors such as fire temperature distribution and spalling model. The method also focuses on checking the structural stability to ensure that the structure does not collapse even in the event of a severe fire.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Bruno Fernandes, Helene Carre, Jean-Christophe Mindeguia, Celine Perlot, Christian La Borderie
Summary: Concrete made with recycled aggregates (RCA) has specific properties and a higher risk of spalling under fire conditions compared to concrete made with natural aggregates (NA). Increasing the replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregates in concrete leads to a higher spalling degree up to a certain point, beyond which further increase in replacement rate does not result in higher spalling. The use of RCA also alters the physical properties of concrete, particularly water content, which can trigger spalling.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jie Zhao, Jian-Jun Zheng, Gai-Fei Peng, Meng-Qi Wang
Summary: It is known that fire-induced spalling usually occurs to high-strength and ultra-high performance concretes. However, experiments have shown that thermal spalling can also occur to normal strength concrete (NSC) and high moisture content is conducive to the occurrence of spalling. This study numerically investigates the thermo-chemo-hydro-mechanical behavior of a NSC cube specimen with 90% moisture content exposed to fire, and analyzes the nonlinear mechanical effects of vapor pressure and thermal stress to investigate the spalling mechanism. The research concludes that surface spalling induced by vapor pressure, instead of explosive spalling, occurs to the specimen, which is also confirmed by a strain energy analysis. The non-explosive spalling feature of NSC under fire heating is explained using energy analysis.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Fang Gong, Xi Jiang, Yaser Gamil, Bawar Iftikhar, Blessen Skariah Thomas
Summary: Recent research has shown that the incorporation of fibres in concrete, such as steel and polypropylene fibres, can significantly improve its resistance to spalling under high-temperature conditions. However, there is considerable variation in the reported outcomes of studies on the spalling performance of Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) due to differences in cementitious matrix and fibre types, mix design, and testing techniques. To address this, this paper adopts the latest approach for mining, processing, and analyzing bibliographic data to comprehensively explore the viability of FRC as a fire-resistant and refractory material, and to shed light on its potential for resisting spalling in high-temperature scenarios.
FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Katarzyna Mroz, Izabela Hager
Summary: The paper introduces a new method for identifying the form and intensity of concrete spalling by analyzing the acoustic signal emitted. The intensity of spalling is assessed and monitored during fire exposure by analyzing recorded sound from the furnace chamber. Signal amplitude and frequency values are used to categorize different types of spalling phenomena.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Hao Qin, Jiacheng Yang, Kai Yan, Jeung-Hwan Doh, Kun Wang, Xin Zhang
Summary: The study introduces a new curing regime, two-stage hot air curing (THAC), which significantly improves the explosive spalling resistance of UHPC and enhances its mechanical properties. The results show that THAC curing can completely prevent the fire-induced explosive spalling of UHPC of different sizes and stress states.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Husen Alhawat, R. Hamid, S. Baharom, M. R. Azmi, A. B. M. A. Kaish
Summary: This paper presents a comprehensive experimental research on designing a large-scale fire test setup for different tunnel lining materials, comparing the performance under tunnel fire conditions. The results indicate that the fire-resistant concrete lining segments demonstrate better spalling resistance and higher safety performance in tunnel fires.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Aerik Carlton, Qi Guo, Saidong Ma, Spencer E. Quiel, Clay J. Naito
Summary: Experiments were conducted to investigate fire-induced explosive spalling in conventionally reinforced normal weight concrete panels that emulate tunnel liners. The results showed that 15 out of 19 specimens experienced spalling. The study suggests that high heat flux intensity and medium axial load are important factors contributing to spalling.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Mohammad Khaled al-Bashiti, M. Z. Naser
Summary: This paper adopts eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) to identify key factors and extract new insights into fire-induced spalling of concrete. A validated XAI model is developed, which not only accurately predicts spalling but also explains the reasoning behind its predictions. The study reveals eight key factors that heavily influence spalling and quantifies their contributions.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Shan Li, J. Y. Richard Liew, Ming-Xiang Xiong, Bing-Lin Lai
Summary: This paper presents experimental findings on the fire resistance of concrete encased steel (CES) composite columns, showing that the addition of polypropylene fibers can reduce explosive concrete spalling. The study established a database of CES specimens to evaluate the accuracy of current design methods and recommendations for modifying fire resistant design methods for high-strength concrete CES columns were provided.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Francesca Sciarretta, Stefano Fava, Marco Francini, Luca Ponticelli, Mauro Caciolai, Bruno Briseghella, Camillo Nuti
Summary: The research demonstrates that ultra-high performance concretes require hybrid fiber reinforcement (PP + steel) to withstand high temperatures, with residual strength increasing after exposure to 200 degrees Celsius. However, using polypropylene fibers alone may not always prevent spalling in small UHPC samples exposed to high temperatures.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Niyazi Ozgur Bezgin
Article
Engineering, Civil
Kubilay Akbulut, Niyazi Ozgur Bezgin, Aydin Kici
Summary: Bus rapid transit maximizes mass transit capacity by utilizing dedicated transit ways, specially designed stations and buses, and efficient management. However, it also has inherent limitations in terms of control, capacity, safety, serviceability, and urban well-being.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-TRANSPORT
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Erdem Balci, Niyazi Ozgur Bezgin, Mohamed Wehbi
Summary: Axle spacing affects track stiffness, and different spacing between vehicles can generate different dynamic impact forces causing damage to railway tracks. By looking at it from a new perspective and using theoretical methods, relationships between track stiffness and bogie axle spacing variations can be revealed.
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ozgur Bezgin
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Niyazi Ozgur Bezgin, Husam Najm, Hani Nassif
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Qi Jiang, Wei Liu, Shaopeng Wu, Xuanwen Gou
Summary: This study analyzes the erosion mechanisms of NaCl solution on asphalt concrete and finds that NaCl solution softens asphalt and promotes the intrusion of crystalline salt into it. Salt crystallization alters the surface roughness of aggregates, resulting in a decrease in skid resistance but an improvement in compressive strength. Additionally, the concentration of NaCl solution initially has no significant impact on the mechanical performance of asphalt concrete, but its domination gradually increases with the intensification of cyclic effects.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Lili Kan, Lan-qing Dai, Ning Kong, Bin Peng, Fei Wang
Summary: This paper investigates the effect of freezing and thawing cycles on the tensile behavior of cracked ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). The results show that long-term freezing and thawing action deteriorates the cracking strength, tensile strength, tensile strain, and strain energy of cracked UHPC. On the other hand, the action of water generally favors the development of tensile properties of UHPC. The crack distribution tends to be unsaturated under freezing and thawing environment, and the re-hydration reaction is hindered. The pore structure near the crack varies under different environments.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xin Xiao, Jingwei Li, Qingke Meng, Xiangshan Hou, Yanhui Liu, Xujiang Wang, Wenlong Wang, Shengtao Lu, Yuzhong Li, Yanpeng Mao, Tong Li
Summary: Preparing gypsum-based self-leveling mortar (GSLM) using beta-hemihydrate gypsum and solid wastes-derived sulfoaluminate cement (WSAC) can improve the mechanical performance of the mortar, but phosphorus impurities can weaken the hydration speed and degree.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Sihang Bao, Junzhen Di, Yanrong Dong, Ziqing Gao, Qing Gu, Yuanfang Zhao, Hongyu Zhai
Summary: Tailings dam break and leakage accidents pose a threat to the safety of people in mining areas and cause severe environmental pollution. This study focuses on solidifying tailing sand using microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) to improve strength and fix heavy metals. The curing time of MICP bio-cemented tailings is found to significantly impact the strength of tailings, while its effect on heavy metal fixation is minimal. The optimized MICP curing time is 10 days, resulting in improved strength and cementation of tailings particles.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ferhat Benmahiddine, Fares Bennai, Achraf Charaka, Ameur El Amine Hamami, Abdelkader Tahakourt, Rafik Belarbi
Summary: This paper studied the effects of hysteresis on the hygrothermal behavior at the building scale. Through laboratory validation and numerical simulations, it was found that hysteresis has a significant impact on the relative humidity and total heat fluxes in buildings, while it does not have a noticeable effect on temperature variations.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
You Gao, Wei He, Xiayang Zhang, De'an Sun, Pei Li
Summary: This study determined the boundary line between the swelling and compression deformation zone in lateritic clay through wetting tests, and proposed a simple bimodal SWRC model. It also found that the existing strength model underestimated the tested values in the medium to high suction range, therefore a segmented strength equation was introduced for enhanced predictions of the strength properties of lateritic clay.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Prabhath Ranjan Kumar Soda, Asheer Mogal, Kalyan Chakravarthy, Nikhil Thota, Nimish Bandaru, Sanjay Kumar Shukla, K. M. Mini
Summary: This study investigates the use of encapsulated bacteria to improve the self-healing ability of concrete. Through various tests, it is found that using 20% cement-coated alginate beads (CCAB) and 5% nanosilica (NS) can achieve optimal strength and healing. This research is significant for enhancing the durability of concrete.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Shizhe Wang, Haiping Wu, Wen Yang, Wei Wang, Zhibo Zhu, Kun Nie, Luoxin Wang, Hua Wang, Jing Wu
Summary: In this study, photothermal-heat storage concrete (PHSC) was developed with excellent photothermal conversion performance and heat storage capacity. By absorbing and storing solar energy during the day and releasing it at night, PHSC can effectively reduce energy consumption in buildings.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Robin Deb, Jialuo He, Geetika Mishra, Yaghoob (Amir) Farnam
Summary: Incorporation techniques of phase change materials in cementitious composites have a significant influence on thermal properties. This study investigated the thermal behavior of low-temperature PCM when subjected to varying temperature change rates and pore confinement inside the porous network of lightweight aggregates. The results showed that ramp rates affect the nucleation and crystallization growth process during the phase transition, and the pore structure of the aggregates affects the supercooling phenomenon and confinement pressure of the PCM.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Eduardo Ferreira, Payam Sotoudeh, Dagmar Svecova
Summary: This study investigates the fatigue behavior of concrete under different stress reversal conditions. The results indicate that stress reversal generally causes more severe damage and reduces the cycles to failure compared to tensile fatigue. Additionally, adding some level of compression contributes to the energy required for failure under stress reversal fatigue. Specimens with higher concentration of fractured aggregates achieve longer fatigue lives.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Mag Raj Gehlot, Sandeep Shrivastava
Summary: This study evaluates the compatibility relationship between plaster bonds and the substrate under an accelerated aging environment, and finds that incorporating an appropriate amount of granite cutting waste can improve the strength parameters and adhesion of the cement mortar.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Min Zhang, Qirui Luo, Mingke Deng, Shixing Zhao
Summary: This study investigated the bond behavior between carbon FRCM composites with added short fibers and concrete substrates. The effects of different factors were considered and 36 specimens were tested and discussed. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of failure mode, load-slip curve, and characteristic parameters, and the contribution of weft yarns was taken into account in the developed bondslip model.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Dengkai Liu, Hongniao Chen, Ray Kai Leung Su
Summary: The susceptibility of building stones to fire and high temperature was investigated in this study by examining their physical and mechanical properties. The results show that both compressive and tensile properties of stones are affected by temperature changes. The tensile strength is particularly sensitive to temperature changes, requiring special attention to the components subjected to tensile stress in stone buildings. Principal component analysis was used to predict the mechanical properties of stones, providing a new method for calculating the residual mechanical properties after high temperature or fire.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Joso Maria Raposo, Eduardo Cavaco, Luis Costa Neves, Eduardo Julio
Summary: This paper investigates the correlation between the friction coefficient and the surface roughness of concrete-to-concrete interfaces. Experimental tests were performed on specimens with different surface treatments, and the surface roughness parameters were analyzed and correlated with the shear strength and friction coefficient. The results showed that certain roughness parameters had a strong positive correlation with the friction coefficient, while others had little or no correlation. A novel combined roughness parameter with optimized correlation was proposed.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chiara Riccardi, Massimo Losa
Summary: The interest in using bio materials in asphalt pavements is growing due to economic reasons and environmental benefits. This study aimed to review the use of bio extenders as additives in binders, with a focus on replacements greater than 20% of fossil binder. The properties of bio-extended binders were found to vary substantially depending on the biomass source and production process.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
