Nutcracker Syndrome: An Update on Current Diagnostic Criteria and Management Guidelines

Background: Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) describes left renal vein compression between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. Although uncommon, it is an important diagnosis due to the important morbidity associated with it, including the risk of chronic kidney disease from long-term left renal vein (LRV) hypertension and the risk of LRV thrombosis. Methods: This article reviews the literature on NCS, particularly with respect to the diagnostic accuracy of different imaging modalities and the success rates, complications, and long-term follow-up data associated with various surgical interventions. Results and discussion: The diagnosis of this condition is based on a stepwise work-up with history and clinical examination, followed by Doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and phlebography with measurement of the renocaval pressure gradient. Management is determined by symptom severity; often symptom resolution occurs following a conservative approach. However, in some cases, surgical management is required, particularly when conservative management is unsuccessful. When it comes to the surgical management of NCS three main pathways exist: open surgery, laparoscopic surgery and endovascular approaches, with the latter 2 becoming increasingly popular due to their 'minimal invasiveness. Additionally, cases involving the use of robotic surgery in the management of NCS have been reported. Conclusion: Despite the rarity of NCS, its recognition and management are important. This article has explored the evidence basis for conservative, medical and surgical options. (C) 2017 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.