Microstructure and composition of brittle faults in claystones of the Mont Terri rock laboratory (Switzerland): New data from petrographic studies, geophysical borehole logging and permeability tests

Claystones are considered as a geological barrier. However, the properties of claystone may be modified if these are cut by brittle faults and fractures. Investigations of fault rocks are therefore crucial to evaluate the barrier properties of clay rich formations. The present study is dealing with the characterization of naturally and artificially deformed Opalinus Clay of the Mont Tern rock laboratory in NW Switzerland. Complete core sections, covering the artificially excavation damaged zone (EDZ) and several tectonic fault zones, have been studied using a multidisciplinary approach consisting of geophysical, geotechnical, mineralogical/geochemical and lithological/structural data. The fault zones encountered are characterized by a high density of planar discontinuities, which often show slickenside striations. Under the microscope, the fault zones turned out to be pervasively deformed resulting in open veins and pore space, now filled with calcite and celestine. Fault zone reactivation led to very fine-grained, cohesionless fault gouge and fragmentation of the previously formed calcite veins. Packer tests in boreholes reveal excavation induced, enhanced permeabilities up to 3 m borehole depth (1.9 m to gallery floor). Seismic borehole measurements indicate that seismic attributes, which are typical for undisturbed Opalinus Clay, are not reached until 7.5 m borehole depth (4.8 m perpendicular to to gallery floor), which is larger than in the usual gallery configuration. We interpret the anomalies in geophysical measurements as well as the elevated permeabilities, measured in the Main Fault (3.6 m to 4.2 m perpendicular to to gallery floor), to result from an enlarged EDZ, influenced by the presence of the brittle fault structures. The up to two orders of magnitude higher permeability (compared to the intact claystone) most probably results from excavation induced stress and a local reactivation of fault planes. The results suggest that the presence of a fault zone can alter the extent of the EDZ significantly, and thereby affect the rock integrity, at least in the near field of a repository tunnel.