Journal
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Volume 10, Issue 7, Pages 1581-1589Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c7ee00865a
Keywords
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Funding
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency Joint Science and Technology Office for Chemical and Biological Defense [HDTRA 1-16-1-0013]
- Siebel Scholars Foundation
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship [DGE-1144086]
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation
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This article describes the fabrication, characterization, and real-life application of a soft, stretchable electronic-skin-based biofuel cell (E-BFC) that exhibits an open circuit voltage of 0.5 V and a power density of nearly 1.2 mW cm(-2) at 0.2 V, representing the highest power density recorded by a wearable biofuel cell to date. High power density is achieved via a unique combination of lithographically-patterned stretchable electronic framework together with screen-printed, densely-packed three-dimensional carbon-nanotube-based bioanode and cathode array arranged in a stretchable island-bridge configuration. The E-BFC maintains its performance even under repeated strains of 50%, and is stable for two days. When applied directly to the skin of human subjects, the E-BFC generates similar to 1 mW during exercise. The E-BFC is able to power conventional electronic devices, such as a light emitting diode and a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio. This is the first example of powering a BLE radio by a wearable biofuel cell. Successful generation of high power density under practical conditions and powering of conventional energy-intense electronic devices represents a major step forward in the field of soft, stretchable, wearable energy harvesting devices.
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