Article
Polymer Science
Zhifeng Wang, Jun Tong, Wei Li, Haichen Zhang, Manfeng Hu, Haichu Chen, Hui He
Summary: In this study, polypropylene/graphite intercalation compound (PP/GIC) composites were prepared at different temperatures through melt mixing, demonstrating improved dispersion and performance at higher temperatures, suggesting potential applications.
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Francesco Casamento, Elisa Padovano, Stefano Pappalardo, Alberto Frache, Claudio Badini
Summary: Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is widely used for polymeric materials, but limited materials can be processed. Polypropylene and its composites, being versatile, have not been extensively studied in FFF due to adhesion and warping issues. In this study, composites of polypropylene with carbonaceous fillers (carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers) were developed using FFF. Processes for compounding, filament extrusion, and FFF were optimized, and the effect of fillers on the thermo-physical properties of the materials was investigated. The addition of carbon fibers significantly improved mechanical properties, while carbon nanotubes showed a moderate increase.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Manufacturing
Rasoul Mahshid, Mahdi Naem Isfahani, Mohammad Heidari-Rarani, Mohsen Mirkhalaf
Summary: Additive manufacturing has the potential to create complex parts lighter and stronger than traditional manufacturing. Various polymeric materials, including thermoset polymers and fiber reinforced composites, have been used in additive manufacturing processes. This review article discusses the state-of-the-art in polymer-based additive manufacturing processes, their effects on printed parts' mechanical behavior, and different techniques such as material extrusion and vat photopolymerization.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Chenping Zhang, Yugang Duan, Hong Xiao, Ben Wang, Yueke Ming, Yansong Zhu, Fugan Zhang
Summary: This paper investigates the interlaminar bond strength of laser in-situ consolidation CF/PEEK thermoplastic composites. The results show that porosity significantly affects the interlaminar shear strength, while there is no correlation between crystallinity and interlaminar shear strength. The interlaminar shear strength in the heated tool in-situ consolidation group is significantly higher than the constant pressure in-situ consolidation group.
Article
Polymer Science
Yevgen Mamunya, Oleksii Maruzhenko, Roman Kolisnyk, Maksym Iurzhenko, Andrii Pylypenko, Olha Masiuchok, Marcin Godzierz, Igor Krivtsun, Barbara Trzebicka, Sebastien Pruvost
Summary: Electrothermal processes were investigated in pyroresistive composites of high-density polyethylene with carbon black and carbon fibers. The kinetic heating curves showed an exponential dependence with a heating rate constant for each composite. Equilibrium temperature was reached after a short heating time, and decreased with the presence of positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTC) effect. The composites exhibited self-regulating capability and the equilibrium temperature depended on the applied voltage and electric power with different relationships. An application of using HDPE-CB composite as a heating element for resistance welding was demonstrated.
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Cheng Zhang, Youquan Ling, Xueqin Zhang, Mei Liang, Huawei Zou
Summary: This study explored the effect of carbon nanotube (CNTs) reinforced epoxy resin on ultra-thin CFRP composites. It found that the composites had the best performance when the CNTs content was 0.2 wt% and showed significant improvement in the tensile strength, interlaminar shear strength, and compressive strength. Additionally, the composites exhibited excellent thermal conductivity, electrical, and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Chen-hui Huang, De-xiang Sun, Ying Wu, Xiao-ying Lu, Chao-qun Wu, Xiao-dong Qi, Jing-hui Yang, Yong Wang
Summary: Achieving the synchronous enhancement of fracture toughness and strength through the design of microstructures in blend composites is a great challenge. This study found that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) selectively located at the two-phase interface of the blend and induced epitaxial crystallization of PET matrix, which improved interfacial adhesion and resulted in superior fracture toughness and strength. MWCNTs also enhanced heat resistance and antistatic property of the blend composites, expanding the application fields of PET.
Article
Polymer Science
Alexander Poellinger, Thomas Koch, Stefan Krenn, Fabian Wilde, Domonkos Tolnai, Bernhard Plank, Sarah Heupl, Johannes Bernardi, Karin Whitmore, Marc Langela, Sandra Seichter, Michael Schoebel
Summary: Efficient transport of hydrogen is crucial for the widespread adoption of renewable energy. Reciprocating piston compressors with high strength non-lubricated sealing solutions are key technologies to meet the demands for gas purity and high-pressure gradients in hydrogen applications.
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Yingze Li, Nuo Xu, Hanxiong Lyu, Naiyu Jiang, Hongyan Zhang, Nan Zhou, Dongxing Zhang
Summary: In this study, a mixture sizing agent containing hydroxylated boron nitride and polyetherimide was synthesized to improve the interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber and polyetheretherketone. The synergistic effects of hydrogen bonding, 7C-7C interaction, and good compatibility were evaluated to enhance the miscibility, mechanical properties, and tribological properties of the composites.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Zhe Yang, Kunkun Fu, Zhongsen Zhang, Junming Zhang, Yan Li
Summary: This study presents an orthogonal-element solid orthotropic material with penalization (SOMP) topology optimization method that incorporates the 3D printing manufacturability of continuous carbon fiber reinforced composites (CCFRCs) and a printing path planning strategy. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in optimizing structural design and improving material stiffness.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Zixuan Chen, Tianyu Yu, Yun-Hae Kim, Zetian Yang, Yan Li, Tao Yu
Summary: This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced polymers (BFRPs) with the incorporation of different structured nanoclays, and to improve their interfacial bonding through experimental methods. The results show that a flattened nanoclay structure is more effective for enhancing the modulus, and the inclusion of different structured nanoclays also improves the interlaminar strength and toughness of BFRPs.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Qiu-Yang Wei, Yi-Duo Fang, Zhao-Bo Sun, Ying Zeng, Jie Zhang, Jun Lei, Ling Xu, Hao Lin, Gan-Ji Zhong, Zhong-Ming Li
Summary: A new scalable strategy of annealing stretching-thermal treatment is proposed to tune the electrical conductivity and stiffness-ductility balance of polylactide/carbon black conductive composites. The strategy involves extensional stress-induced alignment and crystallization to increase tensile strength and elongation at break, and subsequent thermal treatment to rebuild the conductive network and enhance electrical conductivity. The ductility, strength, and heat resistance of the composites are well-preserved after the treatment. This work provides significant guidance for the fabrication of high-performance bio-based conductive polymer composites.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Zheng Liu, Xiaoli Fan, Junliang Zhang, Zhiyong Yang, Yusheng Tang, Jianwei Li, Jie Kong, Junwei Gu
Summary: The introduction of hyperbranched structure and fluorine groups in epoxy-preFHBPBO significantly improved the mechanical properties and wave-transparent performance of PBO fibers reinforced BADCy resins composites. The addition of 7 wt% epoxy-preFHBPBO increased the flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength, while reducing dielectric constant and dielectric loss compared to PBO fibers/BADCy composites. Moreover, the volume resistivity and breakdown strength were also enhanced in PBO fibers/FHBPBO-co-BADCy composites.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Pei Xu, Bincheng Huang, Ruobing Tang, Zhenfeng Wang, Jiaying Tu, Yunsheng Ding
Summary: This study focuses on the functionalization and distribution of conductive fillers, as well as the interfacial compatibilization of polymer blends, in order to improve the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency of composites. By modifying the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with an ionic liquid copolymer and controlling the blending process, selective localization of CNTs at the interphase and the formation of effective conductive networks at the interface were achieved. This resulted in a significant increase in electrical conductivity and a maximum EMI shielding efficiency of 41 dB for the PLA/PCL/PIL/CNT composites.
ADVANCED COMPOSITES AND HYBRID MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Chenglin Li, Changhao Liu, Li Cheng, Guohua Chen, Ning Chen, Daming Wu, Jingyao Sun
Summary: Higher requirements for mechanical performance, especially bearing capacity, are needed for functional composites in order to improve the operation of future electronic devices in complex situations. This study presents a short carbon fiber-graphene nanoplatelets-polydimethylsiloxane (SGP)/epoxy acrylic resin (EA resin) composite that integrates thermal conductivity, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and mechanical performances. The composite was fabricated using a combination method of 3D printing and vacuum impregnation. The results show that the composite with circular EA resin skeleton and 15 wt% short carbon fiber (SCF) and 6 wt% graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) in the SGP compound exhibited the best combination properties, including a compressive modulus of 323.5 kPa, thermal conductivity of 2.13 W/(m·K), and EMI shielding performance of 45.93 dB at 12.4 GHz.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Physics, Applied
Mikko Nelo, Timo Vahera, Tuomo Siponkoski, Jari Juuti, Heli Jantunen
Summary: The method proposed in this work utilizes hollow glass microspheres as a filler to introduce controlled porosity and reduce the relative permittivity of ceramic composites, allowing for ultra-low temperature co-firing. The samples produced with this method exhibit uniform structure with a lamination pressure of only 1.25MPa. This approach shows promising potential to significantly reduce processing temperatures and achieve extremely low permittivity required for future high-frequency applications.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Nina Kuzmic, Sreco Davor Skapin, Mikko Nelo, Heli Jantunen, Matjaz Spreitzer
Summary: This paper describes the fabrication of ceramic upside-down lithium molybdate-strontium titanate (LMO-ST) composites at room temperature, which presents a promising alternative to high-temperature sintering. The composites are based on a high ratio of filler ST and LMO binder, with optimized processing aspects to achieve improved functional properties. Potential applications of these composites in the electroceramics industry are highlighted.
FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Applied
Tuomo K. Siponkoski, Heli M. Jantunen, Jari A. Juuti
Summary: The electromechanical properties of a lead zirconate titanate-poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) ceramic-polymer composite on thin brass and steel substrates were investigated. The results showed improved piezoelectric properties with the stiffer steel substrate samples. The developed material and cantilever structures are feasible for both sensor and energy harvesting applications.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Tuomo Siponkoski, Mikko Nelo, Niklas Ilonen, Jari Juuti, Heli Jantunen
Summary: This study presents a new approach to fabricate piezoelectric all-ceramic composites using an organotitanate based precursor gel instead of lithium molybdate at ultra low temperatures. The developed composite shows exceptional dielectric and piezoelectric properties, with improved charge and voltage coefficients compared to other composites. The sensor properties and application feasibility of the composite are successfully demonstrated, achieving sensitivities comparable to commercial devices.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Yu-Chuan Wu, Hsiao-Ting Tseng, Chi-Shiung Hsi, Jari Juuti, Hsing- Hsiang
Summary: The study explores the preparation of composite ceramics in the 0.7Mg(4)Nb(2)O(9)-(0.3-x)ZnAl2O4-xTiO2 ternary system using a solid-state reaction method. The addition of Ti4+ promotes the decomposition of Mg4Nb2O9, while ZnAl2O4-TiO2 co-doping enhances the densification of Mg4Nb2O9 ceramic. The sample with x = 0.15-0.2 shows improved dielectric properties, making it a promising candidate for microwave electronic device applications.
JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
C. Fiorentini, A. Bassani, G. Duserm Garrido, D. Merino, G. Perotto, A. Athanassiou, J. Perantie, N. Halonen, G. Spigno
Summary: This study investigated the effect of autohydrolysis temperature on the cellulose residue isolated from wheat straw. The results showed that autohydrolysis at 195 degrees C produced the highest cellulose residue yield with similar purity and structure to the other residues. The cellulose residue was then tested as a reinforcing agent in PBAT films, and it was found that the addition of 5% cellulose increased the Young's modulus of the films.
BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Jincheng Yu, Mikko Nelo, Xiaodong Liu, Shouqi Shao, Bing Wang, Sarah J. Haigh, Heli Jantunen, Robert Freer
Summary: Cold sintering combined with annealing processes was used to synthesize high-quality Ca2.7Bi0.3Co3.92O9+delta ceramics, and the effects on thermoelectric performance were studied. By optimizing heat-treatment, the formation of secondary phases, texture development and porosity were controlled, resulting in enhanced electrical conductivity and reduced thermal conductivity.
JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jarkko Tolvanen, Mikko Nelo, Heidi Alasmaki, Tuomo Siponkoski, Piia Makela, Timo Vahera, Jari Hannu, Jari Juuti, Heli Jantunen
Summary: This paper reports a multiphase conductor that can autonomously self-heal in a short period of time, with excellent electrical and mechanical properties. The conductor is insensitive to flaws and can recover its original performance under stretching.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Milica Vidak Vasic, Heli Jantunen, Nevenka Mijatovic, Mikko Nelo, Pedro Munoz Velasco
Summary: Finding a solution to the problem of coal ash buildup is crucial. The use of coal ash in fired clay bricks has been researched, but there is limited information on its industrial utilization and disagreements among researchers on the improvement of product quality. A database of 20 years of research was created, including key factors such as chemical composition, firing temperature, soaking time, porosity, water absorption, and compressive strength. Random forest regression and artificial neural networks were used to predict the quality parameters of the bricks. The study concluded that using fly ash resulted in the highest compressive strength and class F ash was suitable as a replacement for brick clay.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mikko Kokkonen, Mikko Nelo, Henrikki Liimatainen, Jonne Ukkola, Nuutti Tervo, Sami Myllymaki, Jari Juuti, Heli Jantunen
Summary: Future wireless communication systems like 6G require low loss materials for efficiency and low weight to improve communication and reduce signal power in IoT applications. This study presents a sustainable method for manufacturing RF lenses using low temperature and low loss materials, demonstrating their performance through experiments.
MATERIALS ADVANCES
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Mikko Kokkonen, Ali Ghavidel, Nuutti Tervo, Mikko Nelo, Sami Myllymaki, Heli Jantunen
Summary: This work characterizes a ceramic composite of Lithium molybdenum oxide hollow glass microspheres from 0.1 to 1 THz, and designs a bullet shaped lens for the 220-330 GHz band. Experimental measurements show the lens has a focus spot diameter of 1.5 mm, and simulations indicate good performance in the 220-330 GHz band.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Keyu Zhu, Xitao Zheng, Jing Peng, Jiaming Sun, Ruilin Huang, Leilei Yan
Summary: This paper discusses the influence of multiple impacts on the compression strength of honeycomb sandwich structures with composite face sheets. It is found that the size of the impactor affects the turning point of the compression strength. Additionally, high impact energy leads to damage in the bottom face sheet and reduces the overall compression strength.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Danqian Wang, Yanfei Yue, Jueshi Qian
Summary: Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement (MKPC) as a binder for steel rebars shows improved corrosion resistance when subjected to carbonation, due to the increase in pH and the formation of a more protective oxide film.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Zhibin Li, Wenyu Wang, Pengcheng Xue, Xingyu Wei, Jian Xiong
Summary: This work proposes a design approach and manufacturing method for carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) corrugated sandwich truncated cones (CSTC) to improve their anti-debonding ability and ensure reliability. The study establishes theoretical models for CSTCs' stiffness and failure modes, which are verified through experiments and finite element analysis (FEA). The research reveals the effect of geometric parameters on failure modes and performs an optimal design for CSTC structures. The findings have significant implications for the design and application of lightweight CSTCs in constructions, such as launch vehicle adapters.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mingyu Zhang, Lei Chu, Jiahua Chen, Fuxun Qi, Xiaoyan Li, Xinliang Chen, Deng-Guang Yu
Summary: This review summarizes the different structures and construction methods of fibrous membranes with asymmetric wettability. It also reviews the biological applications of these membranes and suggests future challenges.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
E. Mofakhami, L. Gervat, B. Fayolle, G. Miquelard-Garnier, C. Ovalle, L. Laiarinandrasana
Summary: This study investigates the effects of fibre concentration on the mechanical response of welded glass-fibre-reinforced polypropylene (GF-PP). Experimental observations reveal a significant reduction in weld ratio, up to 60%, indicating a decreased strength compared to the bulk material. Increasing fibre content in the welded material results in a decrease in stress at break and strain at the maximum stress. The use of DIC technique and X-ray microtomography further confirms the localized strain amplification in the welded zone due to the significant increase in fibre density.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Emad Pourahmadi, Farjad Shadmehri, Rajamohan Ganesan
Summary: This research compares the mechanical properties of laminates manufactured using automated fiber placement and conventional autoclave curing methods. The results show that laminates manufactured using automated fiber placement have a lower interlaminar shear strength compared to laminates reconsolidated using autoclave curing. A finite element simulation method is proposed to quantitatively analyze these differences.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Johnny Jakobsen, Benny Endelt, Fahimeh Shakibapour
Summary: This study proposes a new bolted/pinned joining method for composite applications, which improves load transfer by introducing a patch-type reinforcement. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in both static and fatigue load conditions compared to existing methods. Finite element simulations highlight the advantage of this method, as it creates a more efficient load-transferring mechanism through different stress distributions.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Gisele G. Cintra, Janine D. Vieira, Daniel C. T. Cardoso, Thomas Keller
Summary: This paper proposes a novel approach to assess multi-crack behavior in layered fiber-polymer composites. The generated Compliance and R-curves provide useful insights into understanding the multiple delamination process and allow for separate evaluation of strain energy release rate (SERR) for each crack. The developed cohesive zone model successfully simulates the failure process zone of three parallel cracks, showing good agreement between the numerical model and experimental results.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Renil Thomas Kidangan, Sreedhar Unnikrishnakurup, C. Krishnamurthy, Krishnan Balasubramaniam
Summary: The induction heating process can accurately identify fiber orientation and stacking order, making it a valuable tool for large-area inspection and quality control in manufacturing fiber-reinforced composites.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Sungjun Hwang, Yousoo Han, Douglas J. Gardner
Summary: Bleached Kraft pulp, unbleached Kraft pulp, and old corrugated cardboard pulp are suitable for producing cellulose nanofibril suspensions. Spray drying is a fast, simple, cost-effective, and scalable drying method. Spray-dried cellulose nanofibrils can be used as reinforcing materials in polypropylene matrices. The particle size of cellulose nanofibrils affects the material properties.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mehdi Mahdavi, Abbas Zolfaghari
Summary: This study aims to improve the recovery forces of shape memory polymers (SMPs) through material extrusion additive manufacturing. By using glass fiber (GF) as reinforcement and manufacturing multi-layer composite specimens, it was found that PLA with 6.62% GF exhibited the best recovery force, which was further optimized through annealing heat treatment.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Review
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Xiang Ao, Antonio Vazquez-Lopez, Davide Mocerino, Carlos Gonzalez, De-Yi Wang
Summary: The vulnerability of natural fibers to heat and fire poses a significant challenge for their substitution of traditional fiber reinforcements in composite materials. Natural fiber/polymer composites (NFCs) are regarded as potential candidates for engineering applications due to their environmental friendliness and low-impact sourcing. Thus, appropriate approaches need to be implemented to enhance the fire safety of NFCs. This review summarizes and discusses the latest understanding of flammability and thermal properties of natural fibers, with a special focus on their interaction with polymer matrix in fire behavior. Additionally, the latest developments in flame-retardant approaches for NFCs are reviewed, covering both flame retardancy and fire structural integrity. Finally, future prospects and perspectives on fire safety of NFCs are proposed, providing insights into further advancements of NFCs.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Cheng Wang, Siqi Huo, Guofeng Ye, Bingtao Wang, Zhenghong Guo, Qi Zhang, Pingan Song, Hao Wang, Zhitian Liu
Summary: The demand for multifunctional, transparent epoxy resin with superior dielectric, mechanical, and fire-safety performances is increasing in modern industries. Researchers have developed an epoxidized, phosphaphenanthrene-containing poly(styrene butadiene styrene) (ESD) for advanced fire-safe epoxy resin, which maintains high transparency and improves UV-blocking property. The addition of 10 wt% ESD results in improved mechanical properties, decreased dielectric constant and loss, and outperformance compared to other fire-safe epoxy resins. This research provides an effective method for developing multifunctional flame-retardant epoxy resin.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Bo Pang, Heping Zheng, Zuquan Jin, Dongshuai Hou, Yunsheng Zhang, Xiaoyun Song, Yanan Sun, Zhiyong Liu, Wei She, Lin Yang, Mengyuan Li
Summary: This study develops an internal superhydrophobic material (ISM) using waste denitrification fly ash, which maintains stable hydrophobicity under harsh conditions of use and does not rely on expensive fluor-based surface modifications. The synthesized ISM has excellent matrix strength, strong waterproof properties, and retains superhydrophobicity even at damaged or friction interfaces.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Meirbek Mussatayev, Qiuji Yi, Mark Fitzgerald, Vincent K. Maes, Paul Wilcox, Robert Hughes
Summary: Real-time monitoring of carbon fibre composites during Automated Fibre Placement (AFP) manufacturing remains a challenge for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. This study designed a directional eddy-current (EC) probe to evaluate the detectability of out-of-plane wrinkles. Experimental evaluations and finite element modeling were conducted to better understand the relationship between eddy-current density and defect detection. The findings suggest that the probe configuration with an asymmetric driver coil and differential pickup coils shows the best capability for wrinkle detection.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)