Journal
WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-WATER SUPPLY
Volume 17, Issue 3, Pages 707-725Publisher
IWA PUBLISHING
DOI: 10.2166/ws.2016.168
Keywords
contaminant warning systems; dangerous pollutants; emerging pollutants; instrumentation; online monitoring; pollutants
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Advancements in real-time water monitoring technologies permit rapid detection of in-stream, inpipe water quality, and alert of threats from waste loads. Legislation mandating the establishment of water resources monitoring, presence of hazardous contaminants in effluents, and perception of the vulnerability of the water distribution system to attacks, have spurred technical and economic interest. Alternatively to traditional analyzers, chemosensors operate according to physical principles, without sample collection (online), and are capable of supplying parameter values continuously and in real-time. This review paper contains a comprehensive survey of existing and expected online monitoring technologies for measurement/detection of pollutants in water. The state-of-the-art in online water monitoring and contaminant warning systems is presented. Application examples are reported. Monitoring costs will become a lesser part of a water utility budget due to the fact that automation and technological simplification will abate human cost factors, and reduce the complexity of laboratory procedures.
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