Article
Mathematics, Applied
Chun Yun Kee, Cherq Chua, Muhammad Zubair, L. K. Ang
Summary: This study improves the urban growth model by considering memory effects and proposes a new model based on fractional calculus. By testing the new model on different urban attributes, it is found that the fractional model provides better agreement with annual population growth and can estimate useful parameters for urban planning and decision-making.
Article
Engineering, Marine
Zhiwei Su, Shuaikang Shi, Xiuchang Huang, Zhiqiang Rao, Hongxing Hua
Summary: This study investigates the unsteady hydrodynamics and vibro-acoustic characteristics of a pump-jet system on a SUBOFF model. By applying distributed pulsation forces and analyzing modal shapes, transmitted forces, sound radiation power, and panel contributions, it is found that distributing forces on the whole pump-jet produces more reasonable magnitudes in vibro-acoustic responses compared to concentrated forces. Additionally, the responses of distributed forces on the pump-jet and rotor are similar, highlighting the dominant contribution of distributed forces on the rotor.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jose Geraldo Telles Ribeiro, Jaime Tupiassu Pinho de Castro, Marco Antonio Meggiolaro
Summary: The strains on a given material can often be simplified as a function of stresses alone, depending on factors such as properties, stresses, temperature, and time under load. While most metallic and ceramic alloys can be modeled using linear viscoelastic models at room temperatures, some important materials like polymers and concretes may exhibit significant creep even at room temperatures.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Guitao Zeng, Weibin Chen, Juanhong Li, Peng Wu, Bin Huang, Dazhuan Wu
Summary: In this paper, the radial force of a water jet mixed-flow pump during rapid startup period was numerically investigated. The spatial-temporal evolution of radial force and its transient and delay phenomenon were analyzed. The study found that inlet recirculation significantly affects the radial force evolution, and the blade tip contributes most to the radial force delay phenomenon.
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Mahmoud Abouagwa, Rashad A. R. Bantan, Waleed Almutiry, Anas D. Khalaf, Mohammed Elgarhy
Summary: This manuscript studies a new class of impulsive fractional Caputo neutral stochastic differential equations perturbed by fractional Brownian motion and Poisson jumps. The existence and uniqueness theorem of the stochastic system under Caratheodory-type conditions with Lipschitz and non-Lipschitz conditions is presented using Caratheodory approximation approach and stochastic calculus, with some existing results being generalized and enhanced. Finally, an application is offered to illustrate the obtained theoretical results.
FRACTAL AND FRACTIONAL
(2021)
Article
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Mahmoud Abouagwa, Lama S. Aljoufi, Rashad A. R. Bantan, Anas D. Khalaf, Mohammed Elgarhy
Summary: This article considers a class of neutral Caputo fractional stochastic evolution equations with infinite delay in Hilbert space, driven by fractional Brownian motion and Poisson jumps. The local and global existence and uniqueness theorems of mild solutions for this stochastic system are established using successive approximations, stochastic analysis, fractional calculus, and stopping time techniques. The averaging principle for the proposed neutral fractional stochastic system is discussed, and the obtained theory is validated with an example.
FRACTAL AND FRACTIONAL
(2022)
Article
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Jun-Sheng Duan, Li-Xia Jing, Ming Li
Summary: This study focuses on the boundary value problem (BVP) for the varying coefficient linear Caputo-type fractional differential equation subject to mixed boundary conditions on the interval 0 <= x <= 1. The BVP is transformed into an equivalent differential-integral equation by merging the boundary conditions. The shifted Chebyshev polynomials and the collocation method are employed to solve the differential-integral equation. The varying coefficients are decomposed into truncated shifted Chebyshev series, allowing accurate calculations of integrals. Numerical examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
FRACTAL AND FRACTIONAL
(2022)
Article
Mathematics
Bin Pei, Yuzuru Inahama, Yong Xu
Summary: This paper investigates the averaging principle for a fast-slow system of rough differential equations driven by mixed fractional Brownian rough path, where the slow component strongly converges to the solution of the corresponding averaged equation in the L-1-sense. The proposed averaging principle for a fast-slow system in the framework of rough path theory appears to be novel.
JOURNAL OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Yunfei Gao, Deshun Yin, Bin Zhao
Summary: This study investigates the physical significance of fractional order in viscoelastic materials and reveals the transformation of material properties from elasticity to viscosity as the order varies. The proposed viscoelasticity equivalence principle compares the fractional Kelvin model and the time-varying viscosity Kelvin model to demonstrate the physical meaning of the fractional order. The results show that the structure evolution and toughening mechanism of hydrogels are closely related to the fractional order, with increasing order leading to more viscous behavior.
MECHANICS OF TIME-DEPENDENT MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar, K. Logeswari, C. Ravichandran, S. Sabarinathan
Summary: In this manuscript, we describe the method of using Atangana-Baleanu derivatives to describe fractional differential equations, and determine the existence and uniqueness of their solutions through fixed point method. We also discuss the stability of fractional differential equations and illustrate the results graphically with an example.
CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS
(2023)
Article
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Nemat Nyamoradi, Sotiris K. Ntouyas, Jessada Tariboon
Summary: In this paper, the existence of positive solutions to fractional differential equations with mixed Riemann-Liouville and quantum fractional derivatives is studied using the Leggett-Williams fixed-point theorem. An interesting example is investigated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the main result.
FRACTAL AND FRACTIONAL
(2023)
Article
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Hua Kong, Guang Yang, Cheng Luo
Summary: This paper suggests two fractional differences for aftershock modeling with heavy tails, using discrete fractional calculus and standard finite difference method. The results show that discrete fractional calculus is an exact discretization tool without any loss in memory effects, leading to better modeling results.
FRACTALS-COMPLEX GEOMETRY PATTERNS AND SCALING IN NATURE AND SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Tamour Zubair, Muhammad Usman, Ilyas Khan, Muqrin A. Almuqrin, Nawaf N. Hamadneh, Abha Singh, Tiao Lu
Summary: In this study, a specific geometry of plasma particles is designed and translated into a mathematical form to study their behavior. Numerical methods are used to validate the model's effectiveness at macroscopic and microscopic scales, highlighting the importance of these tools in plasma research.
ALEXANDRIA ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shumaila Javeed, Zain Ul Abdeen, Dumitru Baleanu
Summary: This study presents a fractional modeling approach to describe the dynamics of cancer treatment using a combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. The models are solved numerically and graphically represented to understand the behavior of cancer treatment.
FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE-LANDMARK
(2023)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Paolo Lino, Guido Maione, Roberto Garrappa, Sverre Holm
Summary: The article discusses the use of innovative Common Rail Injection Systems in the automotive industry to meet the demands of reducing fuel consumption, operating costs, and harmful emissions. It includes a complete electro-injector model and a new numerical method for simulating the system, with model parameter optimization using a differential evolution technique. The results show an improvement in model prediction capability.
CONTROL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
(2021)
Article
Acoustics
Wenfeng Feng, Yuwen Deng, Huanhuan Li, Diyi Chen, Feng Li
Summary: This article proposes a novel hybrid control method for a permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind energy conversion system to address the challenges of low operating efficiency and poor stability caused by the stochastic characteristic of wind speeds. By introducing a port-controlled Hamiltonian with dissipation model and energy shaping method, the hybrid control strategy, including outer-loop proportional-integral control and inner-loop passivity-based control, is designed to improve system stability and regulation performance. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy optimizes the quality of supplied power and outperforms conventional proportional-integral control in maintaining optimal state and reducing harmonic pollution in wind energy.
JOURNAL OF VIBRATION AND CONTROL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yuwen Deng, Pengfei Wang, Alessandro Morabito, Wenfeng Feng, Apel Mahmud, Diyi Chen, Patrick Hendrick
Summary: This study evaluates the regulatory performance of variable-speed pumped storage plants in mitigating wind power fluctuations, contributing to the flexibility and reliability of the grid through simulations and analysis. The results demonstrate that VSPSPs have excellent performance in rapid power regulation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2022)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Gaoyang Hou, Hessam Taherian, Ying Song, Wei Jiang, Diyi Chen
Summary: In recent years, ground source heat pump systems with vertical heat exchangers have been extensively studied, while research on horizontal heat exchangers is still limited and requires further optimization and exploration.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Liuwei Lei, Feng Li, Beibei Xu, Monica Egusquiza, Xingqi Luo, Junzhi Zhang, Eduard Egusquiza, Diyi Chen, Wei Jiang, Edoardo Patelli
Summary: Understanding and simulating the dynamic characteristics of the hydro-turbine governor system is crucial for ensuring the safety of hydro-power systems. The proposed modification method of the water head at the draft tube inlet, which introduces the excitation term of the vortex rope, accurately models energy fluctuations during load reductions in the system. This approach overcomes limitations of existing models and promotes further development in the field.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Gongcheng Liu, Xudi Qiu, Jiayi Ma, Diyi Chen, Xiao Liang
Summary: This study investigates the stability performance of hydropower generation systems (HGS) during flexible operation. A dynamic model reflecting the characteristics of part-load conditions is established and coupled with a shafting system to investigate unit vibration. The results show that part-load operation leads to dynamic response fluctuations and possible ways to mitigate the instability are explored.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Xinyao Lan, Jiahui Jin, Beibei Xu, Diyi Chen, Monica Egusquiza, Jin-Hyuk Kim, Eduard Egusquiza, Nejadali Jafar, Lin Xu, Yuan Kuang
Summary: This study analyzes the influence of geometric and hydraulic parameters on the hydraulic characteristics of the Hydroelectric Generating Systems (HGS) with Coaxial Shaft Surge Tank (CSST) in the transient process. The results show that changing the diversion tunnel diameter and the impedance hole coefficient can adjust the hydraulic parameters and optimize the operational safety of the system.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Ziwen Zhao, Yichen Yuan, Mengjiao He, Jakub Jurasz, Jianan Wang, Monica Egusquiza, Eduard Egusquiza, Beibei Xu, Diyi Chen
Summary: This paper investigates the stability and efficiency performance of a pumped hydro energy storage system (PHESS) under various flexibility scenarios. A nonlinear model is established to study its stability and efficiency characteristics, and six flexibility scenarios are extracted based on historical power output. The results show that increased load variation negatively affects stability, with steeper parameter responses in the first 10 seconds compared to the later 30 seconds. Efficiency analysis reveals that friction loss is the dominant loss type in transient processes, except for the FL condition.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Wei Dong, Yan Dong, Jian Sun, Haichen Zhang, Diyi Chen
Summary: In this study, the IS 80-65-160 clean water centrifugal pump is investigated. By comparing the characteristics of flow, pressure pulsation, and radial force under different adjustment modes, it is found that frequency conversion adjustment can effectively reduce the amplitude of radial force pulsation, improving the stability of the pump.
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Weiyu Wang, Xunxin Zhao, Lijun Luo, Pei Zhang, Fan Mo, Fei Chen, Diyi Chen, Fengjiao Wu, Bin Wang
Summary: This paper proposes a rolling bearing diagnosis method by combining the attention entropy and adaptive deep kernel extreme learning machine (ADKELM). The method employs wavelet threshold denoising and empirical wavelet transform (EWT) to extract features, and optimizes the hyperparameters using the marine predators algorithm (MPA) for adaptive changes. The optimal ADKELM model is determined by analyzing the fault diagnosis performances.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Sha Li, Zezhou Cao, Kuangqing Hu, Diyi Chen
Summary: This paper focuses on the primary frequency regulation (PFR) performance of variable-speed pumped storage plants (VSPSPs) in isolated power systems. The hydraulic-mechanical-electrical numerical models are established to quantify the rotational speed stability of the pump-turbine and assess the effectiveness of variable-speed units (VSUs) in suppressing ultra-low frequency oscillation (ULFO). The results show that VSUs outperform fixed-speed units (FSUs) in the regulation process.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuo Han, Mengjiao He, Ziwen Zhao, Diyi Chen, Beibei Xu, Jakub Jurasz, Fusheng Liu, Hongxi Zheng
Summary: A day-ahead scheduling model is proposed for a hydro-wind hybrid power generation system, considering the power regulation flexibility and frequency response flexibility. The study shows that utilizing the flexibility of hydropower can reduce frequency deviation, wind power curtailment, and load loss. Decision makers can use the flexibility supply capacity of the hydropower station to determine the connected wind power capacity and system load for comprehensive benefits.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Pengfei Wang, Yixuan Guo, Zhenkun Xu, Weihao Wang, Diyi Chen
Summary: The hydropower generation system is a complex nonlinear system with hybrid state responses. This study proposes a data mining and data prediction strategy based on information causality and the PageRank algorithm, which is validated using a 250 MW hydropower unit. The results show that considering the information transfer sequences between variables improves prediction accuracy.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yang Zhang, Wei Jiang, Yuchuan Wang, Ye Li, Diyi Chen
Summary: Pump-turbines are significant in modern power systems as they ensure power system frequency stability and compensate for the intermittent nature of new energy sources. The study investigates the vortex characteristics and pressure fluctuation intensity of the pump-turbine model operating in pump mode using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method. Results indicate that the impeller's wake vortex greatly influences the pump-turbine's internal flow field, originating from the vortex structure near the blade's suction surface. The distribution of trailing edge shedding vortex and shock vortex around the tongue is closely related to the impeller's wake vortex. The research emphasizes the importance of improving the pump-turbine's vortex structure for safe and stable operation.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART A-JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Le Cui, Diyi Chen, Chun Li, Xiaodong Tan, Xunfeng Yuan
Summary: This paper studies the electrical conductivity of a conductive material with structures similar to graphene and analyzes the influence of various factors on the electrical conductivity of the fractional order. It also introduces the new fundamentals of the hexagon x n RL alpha C beta circuit network in the fractional domain and summarizes the general laws.
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Jinhai Feng, Shiyue Zhou, Boxiang Xue, Diyi Chen, Guoyong Sun, Huanhuan Li
Summary: The force characteristics and vibration characteristics of the Obermeyer gate's shield plate structure under overflow conditions were analyzed using fluid-solid coupling theory. The results showed that flow rate, airbag pressure, and overflow water level all affect the structural performance of the shield plate.
COMPUTERS AND CONCRETE
(2022)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Hao Liu, Yuzhe Li
Summary: This paper investigates the finite-time stealthy covert attack on reference tracking systems with unknown-but-bounded noises. It proposes a novel finite-time covert attack method that can steer the system state into a target set within a finite time interval while being undetectable.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Nikolay A. Kudryashov, Aleksandr A. Kutukov, Sofia F. Lavrova
Summary: The Chavy-Waddy-Kolokolnikov model with dispersion is analyzed, and new properties of the model are studied. It is shown that dispersion can be used as a control mechanism for bacterial colonies.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Qiang Ma, Jianxin Lv, Lin Bi
Summary: This paper introduces a linear stability equation based on the Boltzmann equation and establishes the relationship between small perturbations and macroscopic variables. The numerical solutions of the linear stability equations based on the Boltzmann equation and the Navier-Stokes equations are the same under the continuum assumption, providing a theoretical foundation for stability research.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Samuel W. Akingbade, Marian Gidea, Matteo Manzi, Vahid Nateghi
Summary: This paper presents a heuristic argument for the capacity of Topological Data Analysis (TDA) to detect critical transitions in financial time series. The argument is based on the Log-Periodic Power Law Singularity (LPPLS) model, which characterizes financial bubbles as super-exponential growth (or decay) with increasing oscillations approaching a tipping point. The study shows that whenever the LPPLS model fits the data, TDA generates early warning signals. As an application, the approach is illustrated using positive and negative bubbles in the Bitcoin historical price.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Xavier Antoine, Jeremie Gaidamour, Emmanuel Lorin
Summary: This paper is interested in computing the ground state of nonlinear Schrodinger/Gross-Pitaevskii equations using gradient flow type methods. The authors derived and analyzed Fractional Normalized Gradient Flow methods, which involve fractional derivatives and generalize the well-known Normalized Gradient Flow method proposed by Bao and Du in 2004. Several experiments are proposed to illustrate the convergence properties of the developed algorithms.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Lianwen Wang, Xingyu Wang, Zhijun Liu, Yating Wang
Summary: This contribution presents a delayed diffusive SEIVS epidemic model that can predict and quantify the transmission dynamics of slowly progressive diseases. The model is applied to fit pulmonary tuberculosis case data in China and provides predictions of its spread trend and effectiveness of interventions.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Shuangxi Huang, Feng-Fei Jin
Summary: This paper investigates the error feedback regulator problem for a 1-D wave equation with velocity recirculation. By introducing an invertible transformation and an adaptive error-based observer, an observer-based error feedback controller is constructed to regulate the tracking error to zero asymptotically and ensure bounded internal signals.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Weimin Liu, Shiqi Gao, Feng Xu, Yandong Zhao, Yuanqing Xia, Jinkun Liu
Summary: This paper studies the modeling and consensus control of flexible wings with bending and torsion deformation, considering the vibration suppression as well. Unlike most existing multi-agent control theories, the agent system in this study is a distributed parameter system. By considering the mutual coupling between the wing's deformation and rotation angle, the dynamics model of each agent is expressed using sets of partial differential equations (PDEs) and ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Boundary control algorithms are designed to achieve control objectives, and it is proven that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable. Numerical simulation is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Gourav Mandal, Lakshmi Narayan Guin, Santabrata Chakravarty
Summary: The ecological framework investigates the dynamical complexity of a system influenced by prey refuge and alternative food sources for predators. This study provides a thorough investigation of the stability-instability phenomena, system parameters sensitivity, and the occurrence of bifurcations. The bubbling phenomenon, which indicates a change in the amplitudes of successive cycles, is observed in the current two-dimensional continuous system. The controlling system parameter for the bubbling phenomena is found to be the most sensitive. The prediction and identification of bifurcations in the dynamical system are crucial for theoretical and field researchers.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Damian Trofimowicz, Tomasz P. Stefanski, Jacek Gulgowski, Tomasz Talaska
Summary: This paper presents the application of control engineering methods in modeling and simulating signal propagation in time-fractional electrodynamics. By simulating signal propagation in electromagnetic media using Maxwell's equations with fractional-order constitutive relations in the time domain, the equations in time-fractional electrodynamics can be considered as a continuous-time system of state-space equations in control engineering. Analytical solutions are derived for electromagnetic-wave propagation in the time-fractional media based on state-transition matrices, and discrete time zero-order-hold equivalent models are developed and their analytical solutions are derived. The proposed models yield the same results as other reference methods, but are more flexible in terms of the number of simulation scenarios that can be tackled due to the application of the finite-difference scheme.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Yuhao Zhao, Fanhao Guo, Deshui Xu
Summary: This study develops a vibration analysis model of a nonlinear coupling-layered soft-core beam system and finds that nonlinear coupling layers are responsible for the nonlinear phenomena in the system. By using reasonable parameters for the nonlinear coupling layers, vibrations in the resonance regions can be reduced and effective control of the vibration energy of the soft-core beam system can be achieved.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
S. Kumar, H. Roy, A. Mitra, K. Ganguly
Summary: This study investigates the nonlinear dynamic behavior of bidirectional functionally graded plates (BFG) and unidirectional functionally graded plates (UFG). Two different methods, namely the whole domain method and the finite element method, are used to formulate the dynamic problem. The results show that all three plates exhibit hardening type nonlinearity, with the effect of material gradation parameters being more pronounced in simply supported plates.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Isaac A. Garcia, Susanna Maza
Summary: This paper analyzes the role of non-autonomous inverse Jacobi multipliers in the problem of nonexistence, existence, localization, and hyperbolic nature of periodic orbits of planar vector fields. It extends and generalizes previous results that focused only on the autonomous or periodic case, providing novel applications of inverse Jacobi multipliers.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Yongjian Liu, Yasi Lu, Calogero Vetro
Summary: This paper introduces a new double phase elliptic inclusion problem (DPEI) involving a nonlinear and nonhomogeneous partial differential operator. It establishes the existence and extremality results to the elliptic inclusion problem and provides definitions for weak solutions, subsolutions, and supersolutions.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Shangshuai Li, Da-jun Zhang
Summary: In this paper, the Cauchy matrix structure of the spin-1 Gross-Pitaevskii equations is investigated. A 2 x 2 matrix nonlinear Schrodinger equation is derived using the Cauchy matrix approach, serving as an unreduced model for the spin-1 BEC system with explicit solutions. Suitable constraints are provided to obtain reductions for the classical and nonlocal spin-1 GP equations and their solutions, including one-soliton solution, two-soliton solution, and double-pole solution.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2024)
