Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Florian Sandhaeger, Nina Omejc, Anna-Antonia Pape, Markus Siegel
Summary: This study demonstrates that the human brain encodes perceptual choices in an abstract manner independent of specific motor actions, even if not required by the task context. These choice representations are invariant to response mapping, distinct from motor signals, and influenced by stimuli, with their strength predicting decision confidence and accuracy.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Larry R. Squire, Jennifer C. Frascino, Charlotte S. Rivera, Nadine C. Heyworth, Biyu J. He
Summary: One-trial, long-lasting perceptual learning relies on hippocampus-independent (nondeclarative) memory, independent of any requirement to consciously remember. Patients with hippocampal lesions or larger medial temporal lobe (MTL) lesions show intact perceptual learning but impaired memory for the images presented.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ryan Smith, Justin S. Feinstein, Rayus Kuplicki, Katherine L. Forthman, Jennifer L. Stewart, Martin P. Paulus, Robin L. Aupperle, Jerzy Bodurka, Jonathan B. Savitz, Teresa A. Victor, Sahib S. Khalsa
Summary: This study found that individuals with depression/anxiety and/or substance use disorders showed less flexibility in cardiac interoceptive processing during physiological perturbation compared to healthy individuals. The perceptual insensitivity to the modulation of interoceptive signals was evident across several common psychiatric disorders.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Psychology
Pascal Mamassian, Vincent de Gardelle
Summary: Perceptual confidence is evaluated through a generative model that describes the origin of confidence judgments. Parameters like confidence noise and confidence boost explain the confidence evidence in decision-making. By estimating confidence for multiple stimulus strengths, both parameters can be recovered to determine if confidence is derived from primary or secondary information.
PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Jacobo Fernandez-Vargas, Christoph Tremmel, Davide Valeriani, Saugat Bhattacharyya, Caterina Cinel, Luca Citi, Riccardo Poli
Summary: The study analyzed EEG data from 68 participants in eight different perceptual decision-making experiments to investigate the existence of subject- and task-independent neural correlates of decision confidence and the feasibility of building brain computer interfaces to estimate confidence on a trial-by-trial basis. Artificial neural networks were trained to predict confidence in decisions from EEG data and response times, with decoding performance improvements ranging between 15% and 35% over reference baselines, suggesting the potential for reconstructing confidence in perceptual decision-making tasks from neural signals using transfer learning approaches.
JOURNAL OF NEURAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Business, Finance
Jedson Pinto
Summary: This study investigates the impact of mandatory disclosure on firms' learning from external market participants. While it is commonly believed that mandatory disclosure increases information in financial markets, it can also reduce investors' incentives for information acquisition. Using the JOBS Act to examine variations in disclosure requirements, the paper finds that firms with reduced disclosure requirements attract more informed investors and learn more from financial markets. This learning effect is stronger among firms attracting sophisticated investors with industry expertise and weakens when firms are compelled to disclose more information.
JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING & ECONOMICS
(2023)
Article
Biology
Monja Hoven, Gina Brunner, Nina S. de Boer, Anna E. Goudriaan, Damiaan Denys, Ruth J. van Holst, Judy Luigjes, Mael Lebreton
Summary: The human ventromedial prefrontal cortex plays a key role in determining the value and confidence in decision-making, particularly in situations involving monetary rewards. Evidence suggests that the BOLD signal in this region is related to motivational factors, such as incentives and expected values, as well as metacognitive factors, such as confidence judgments. The value of monetary stakes has been found to bias confidence judgments, even for similar levels of difficulty and performance.
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Environmental Studies
Jillian M. Rickly, Nigel Halpern, Marcus Hansen, John Welsman
Summary: This paper investigates the influence of the relationship between people with vision impairment (PwVI) and guide dogs on travel behavior. The study finds that confidence to work the dog outside its normal environment has a significant positive effect on the number of overnight trips taken with the dog. In addition, qualitative findings highlight the affective qualities of the relationship that influence change in travel behavior to accommodate guide dog limitations and well-being.
TOURISM MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Nathaniel T. Nyema, Aaron D. Mcknight, Alexandra G. Vargas-Elvira, Heather M. Schneps, Elizabeth G. Gold, Kevin P. Myers, Amber L. Alhadeff
Summary: This study investigated the role of AgRP neurons in flavor-nutrient learning. The results showed that tonic activity in AgRP neurons enhanced the associations between flavors and nutrients, but with sex differences. In male mice, AgRP neuron activity increased flavor consumption, thereby strengthening the associations between flavors and nutrients; in female mice, AgRP neuron activity enhanced flavor-nutrient preferences independently of consumption. Furthermore, neural activity analysis demonstrated that AgRP neurons track and rapidly update the associations between flavors and nutrients.
MOLECULAR METABOLISM
(2023)
Article
Biology
David Meijer, Uta Noppeney
Summary: Using the audiovisual McGurk illusion, this study examined how observers made perceptual and causal confidence judgments in information integration tasks under causal uncertainty. Results showed that observers were more accurate and confident on congruent trials, and their perceptual and causal confidence were closely related as predicted by the interactive nature of perceptual and causal inference. Additionally, observers assigned comparable confidence to veridical and illusory percepts on McGurk trials, suggesting limited access to conflicting unisensory stimulus components. These findings suggest that observers form meaningful perceptual and causal confidence judgments in multisensory scenes consistent with principles of Bayesian causal inference.
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Education & Educational Research
Christina E. Johnson, Jennifer L. Keating, Michelle Leech, Peter Congdon, Fiona Kent, Melanie K. Farlie, Elizabeth K. Molloy
Summary: The study aimed to create a Feedback Quality Instrument (FQI) to assist educators in collaborating with learners for learner-centered feedback interactions. The research involved collecting videos of face-to-face feedback discussions and refining the instrument through quantitative and qualitative analysis. The final FQI contained 25 items clustered into five domains, providing practical ways for educators to foster quality feedback discussions.
BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Yijie Xun, Yilin Zhao, Jiajia Liu
Summary: Intelligent and connected vehicles have become mainstream in the automobile industry, but some communication interfaces used in these vehicles are vulnerable to attacks. This article introduces VehicleEIDS, an intrusion detection system based on vehicle voltage signals, which can monitor message transmission in real time and protect the security of the CAN bus.
IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Psychology, Experimental
Nicolas A. Comay, Gabriel Della Bella, Pedro Lamberti, Mariano Sigman, Guillermo Solovey, Pablo Barttfeld
Summary: Confidence in perceptual decisions should not be affected by irrelevant alternatives, but our experiments showed that the presence of irrelevant alternatives actually increased confidence. One computational model was able to account for this effect, predicting that confidence would increase with the number of irrelevant alternatives. However, this effect did not replicate in a categorical task. Our findings highlight the importance of considering multiple, possibly irrelevant alternatives in confidence models.
Article
Optics
Anke Zhao, Ning Jiang, Jiafa Peng, Shiqin Liu, Yiqun Zhang, Kun Qiu
Summary: A novel scheme for generating optical chaos is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which can simultaneously produce two low-correlation chaotic signals with wideband spectrum and suppressed time-delay-signature. The proposed scheme improves the bandwidth of ECSL-based chaos by several times and generates another wideband flat-spectrum chaotic signal. The undesired TDS characteristics of the simultaneously-generated chaotic signals can be efficiently suppressed, and the correlation coefficient between these signals is small.
OPTO-ELECTRONIC ADVANCES
(2022)
Review
Psychology
Medha Shekhar, Dobromir Rahnev
Summary: Research shows that human metacognitive ability decreases with higher confidence levels, leading to a non-linear zROC curve. A new mechanistic model incorporating lognormally distributed metacognitive noise better explains metacognitive inefficiency.
PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW
(2021)
Article
Biology
Peng Liu, Anastasia Chrysidou, Juliane Doehler, Martin N. Hebart, Thomas Wolbers, Esther Kuehn
Summary: The study found that older adults' primary somatosensory cortex maps have similar amplitude and size to those of younger adults, but show less representational similarity between different fingers. Larger population receptive field sizes in older adults' maps do not correlate with behavior, whereas reduced cortical distances between D2 and D3 are associated with worse finger individuation but better motor performance.
Article
Neurosciences
Bianca M. van Kemenade, Gregor Wilbertz, Annalena Muller, Philipp Sterzer
Summary: The theory of predictive processing suggests that our brains interpret incoming sensory input by generating predictions based on internal models of the world, with conscious perception corresponding to the most probable model. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging have shown that early sensory cortices receive predictive feedback signals reflecting the contents of conscious perception.
HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Stephan Koehler, Veith Andreas Weilnhammer, Henrik Walter, Susanne Erk, Philipp Sterzer, Anne Guhn
Summary: The study found that negative emotions induced by autobiographical scripts did not significantly affect the neural processes underlying emotion regulation. Replication of previously reported neural correlates of emotion regulation, such as the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right inferior parietal lobule, was observed.
NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tijl Grootswagers, Ivy Zhou, Amanda K. Robinson, Martin N. Hebart, Thomas A. Carlson
Summary: This paper presents the THINGS-EEG dataset, which includes electroencephalography responses from 50 subjects to 1,854 object concepts and 22,248 images. This dataset can support research in understanding how the brain recognizes and processes visual objects.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Juliane Handschack, Marcus Rothkirch, Philipp Sterzer, Guido Hesselmann
Summary: The debate on the scope and limits of unconscious visual processing under continuous flash suppression (CFS) has resulted in divergent findings. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis of CFS attenuation by inattention using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA). The results did not support the hypothesis, but showed higher decoding accuracies for visible stimuli compared to invisible stimuli.
Article
Psychiatry
Anne Guhn, Lydia Merkel, Christine Heim, Heiko Klawitter, Paula Teich, Felix Betzler, Philipp Sterzer, Stephan Koehler
Summary: The Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) model suggests that preoperational functioning and empathy deficits are core features of persistent depressive disorders (PDD). This study found that empathy deficits in PDD patients were only apparent under stress and improved after CBASP treatment. The study supports the CBASP model and highlights the importance of stress-induced empathy impairments in PDD.
JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Psychology, Experimental
Chiara Caporuscio, Sascha Benjamin Fink, Philipp Sterzer, Joshua M. Martin
Summary: Visual illusions demonstrate the potential incongruence between perception and belief, challenging the Predictive Processing framework which aims to explain this phenomenon. Insights on how prior information is approximated in information processing streams shed light on the divergence between flexible and inflexible priors. This allows for conflicting percepts and beliefs to be accounted for while maintaining a hierarchical and unitary conception of cognition.
CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Lena Esther Ptasczynski, Isa Steinecker, Philipp Sterzer, Matthias Guggenmos
Summary: This study investigates the impact of confidence-based learning signals on instrumental conditioning and finds that subjective confidence and choice consistency increase in the absence of external feedback. By comparing different models, the researchers demonstrate that confidence-based models outperform standard models, highlighting the importance of confidence signals in value-based learning.
PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Leonie J. T. Balter, Granville J. Matheson, Tina Sundelin, Philipp Sterzer, Predrag Petrovic, John Axelsson
Summary: This study aims to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation on perceptual stability and its relationship with psychosis proneness. The results suggest that sleep deprivation reduces perceptual stability, but there is no association between variability in psychosis traits and vulnerability to sleep deprivation.
Article
Psychology, Experimental
Kiley Seymour, Philipp Sterzer, Natalie Soto
Summary: Research suggests that the tendency to attribute meaning to ambiguous stimuli is at the core of paranormal belief formation. This study aimed to examine the relationship between paranormal belief and perceptual sensitivity. The results showed that individuals with stronger beliefs in paranormal phenomena were less sensitive in discriminating between signal and noise. This finding suggests that paranormal believers perceive things differently, disentangling perceptual sensitivity from response bias.
CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION
(2022)
Article
Psychiatry
Anna-Lena Eckert, Yael Gounitski, Matthias Guggenmos, Philipp Sterzer
Summary: This study investigated the relationship between psychosis proneness and choice history biases in perceptual decision-making, finding that psychosis proneness is associated with reduced choice history biases and no evidence for compensatory reliance on cue information. These results are important for understanding the connection between psychotic experiences and perceptual decision-making.
SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Juliane Handschack, Marcus Rothkirch, Philipp Sterzer, Guido Hesselmann
Summary: Emerging from studies on unconscious visual processing, it is suggested that different blinding techniques suppress conscious perception at different levels. However, even with a single suppression method like continuous flash suppression (CFS), the extent and limits of unconscious visual processing remain diverse. In this study, the CFS-attenuation-by-inattention hypothesis was investigated using a numerical priming task. Results showed no priming effects in the invisible condition and an inverse effect of prime-target congruency in the visible condition, supporting the notion that CF-suppressed stimuli are limited to basic features without semantic processing.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Laurie-Anne Sapey-Triomphe, Lauren Pattyn, Veith Weilnhammer, Philipp Sterzer, Johan Wagemans
Summary: This study reveals that predictive mechanisms have an impact on behavior and perception at the neural level in both neurotypical and autistic adults, and are hierarchically encoded in the brain. These findings help to understand the neural specificities of atypical predictive processing in autism spectrum disorders.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Merve Fritsch, Veith Weilnhammer, Paul Thiele, Andreas Heinz, Philipp Sterzer
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the impact of noisy sensory information and environmental uncertainties on perceptual decisions. The results showed that under high sensory uncertainty, learned audiovisual associations had a greater influence on perceptual decisions, and this effect was even larger under high environmental uncertainty. Additionally, individual tendencies to change beliefs affected the degree to which observers relied on learned beliefs in making perceptual decisions. While the weighting of sensory information and learned beliefs was modulated by their respective uncertainties, belief learning was not influenced by sensory uncertainty. Understanding the interactive effects of sensory and environmental uncertainties in perception could provide insights into aberrant perceptual inference in psychopathology such as schizophrenia.