Article
Forestry
Xiaodi Wang, Yongchao Zhang, Luyao Wang, Xiaoju Wang, Qingxi Hou, Stefan Willfor, Yingjuan Fu, Menghua Qin, Chunlin Xu
Summary: The study developed a facile approach using organic solvent extraction to efficiently fractionate the main components of bamboo hydrolysates, obtaining high-purity lignin and water-soluble lignin fractions. Characterization techniques including various NMR techniques, GPC, and GC-MS showed that the water-soluble lignin fraction contained abundant functional groups and LCC structures, indicating great potential applications for isolated LCC-rich streams.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
So-Yeon Jeong, Eun-Ju Lee, Se-Eun Ban, Jae-Won Lee
Summary: This study investigated lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) isolated from raw and pretreated biomass to study the structural changes during Fenton oxidation and hydrothermal treatment and their impact on enzymatic hydrolysis. It was found that yellow poplar and larch showed different degradation rates and LCCs compositions during pretreatment, affecting the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis, with β-β', β-5, and γ-ester linkages playing a significant role.
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tian-Shui Guo, Ying-Hong Xu, Ming-Fei Li, Jian-Feng Ma
Summary: Formic acid is an effective solvent for lignocellulose fractionation, and using a flow-through reactor can significantly improve the efficiency of fractionation and lignin removal. The obtained lignin samples have low molecular weight, good uniformity, and high thermal stability.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lin Zhang, Wenbo Peng, Fen Wang, Hanxi Bao, Peng Zhan, Jienan Chen, Zhaohui Tong
Summary: Fractionation of lignin using the gradient acid method improves its processability and provides a potential pathway for the production of high-value and carbon-negative bioproducts.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zhiwen Wang, Peter J. Deuss
Summary: The study investigated the differences in lignin structure from different plant materials and found that lignin structure has an impact on product yield and distribution, with NMR analysis correlating with hydrogenolysis products. Moreover, residual polysaccharide constituents were found to influence the selectivity towards hydroxy-containing monomers, emphasizing the importance of structural characterization and compositional analysis of starting materials.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Francesco Brandi, Markus Antonietti, Majd Al-Naji
Summary: Sodium lignosulfonate was converted into low molecular weight fractions using solvothermal and catalytic hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation fragmentation methods in a continuous flow system, demonstrating the efficient deconstruction of lignin at elevated temperatures.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Fang Lin, Predrag V. Petrovic, Ho-Yin Tse, Hanno C. Erythropel, Jason Chun-Ho Lam, Paul T. Anastas
Summary: The electrochemical reductive cleavage of the C-O bond in the lignin alpha-O-4 model compound benzyl phenyl ether (BPE) at room temperature was investigated using earth-abundant nickel as a catalyst in methanol. Experimental results revealed the essential role of freshly and uniformly deposited Ni0 on the electrode surface, and SEM, XRD, and XPS analyses provided insights into the surface morphology and composition of the Ni/CP electrode. Methanol was found to serve as a proton donor, and similarities with Pd/C hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis chemistry were observed in the electrochemical hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis experiments.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Fang Lin, Ho-Yin Tse, Hanno C. Erythropel, Predrag Petrovic, Mahlet Garedew, Jinshan Chen, Jason Chun-Ho Lam, Paul T. Anastas
Summary: This study reports a highly selective electrochemical method for the cleavage of benzylic C-O bond in lignin model compounds at room temperature and ambient pressure. Using nickel ions as catalysts in the presence of water molecules, benzyl phenyl ether (BPE) can be converted to toluene and phenol in methanol with high yields.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kenkichi Taniguchi, Etty N. Kusumawati, Hidetaka Nanao, Chandrashekhar V. Rode, Osamu Sato, Aritomo Yamaguchi, Masayuki Shirai
Summary: Solvolysis of benzyl phenyl ether (BPE) in an aqueous ethanol solution under high-pressure carbon dioxide conditions resulted in the production of monoaromatics. The ethanol molar fraction was found to be the key factor for the solvolysis reaction, and the highest monoaromatic yield of 72.9% was obtained in a water:ethanol solution (2 cm³ : 1 cm³) at 598 K for 3 hours under a pressure of 18 MPa of carbon dioxide. Continuous production of monoaromatics was achieved through a flow system, with a yield of 76.7%.
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Mohammad Shahinur Rahaman, Sarttrawut Tulaphol, Ashten Molley, Kyle Mills, Md Anwar Hossain, Daniel Yelle, Thana Maihom, Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
Summary: A catalytic upgrading strategy using metal triflates can efficiently transform benzyl phenyl ether into large phenolic compounds, with potential applications in various fields such as phenol-formaldehyde polymers, diesel/jet fuels, and liquid organic hydrogen carriers.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jeroen Bomon, Mathias Bal, Tapas Kumar Achar, Sergey Sergeyev, Xian Wu, Ben Wambacq, Filip Lemiere, Bert F. Sels, Bert U. W. Maes
Summary: The demethylation reaction of aromatic methyl ethers using mineral acid as a catalyst in high temperature pressurized water provides high yields of aromatic alcohols. Versatility of the method was demonstrated on various substrates, with up to 99% yield of aromatic alcohols in most cases. The method is scalable and can utilize biorenewable feedstock like wood and clove oil.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nicola Giummarella, Par A. Linden, Dimitri Areskogh, Martin Lawoko
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2020)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Claudio Gioia, Martino Colonna, Ayumu Tagami, Lilian Medina, Olena Sevastyanova, Lars A. Berglund, Martin Lawoko
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Iuliana Ribca, Marcus E. Jawerth, Calvin J. Brett, Martin Lawoko, Matthias Schwartzkopf, Andrei Chumakov, Stephan Roth, Mats Johansson
Summary: The study demonstrates the utilization of lignin-based thermoset resins with different cross-linkers and the tuning of resin properties through chemical modification and the use of various cross-linkers. Despite lignin's heterogeneity, it is possible to produce thermosetting materials with tunable properties.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2021)
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Martin Lawoko, Lars Berglund, Mats Johansson
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Maria Karlsson, Vijaya Lakshmi Vegunta, Raghu Deshpande, Martin Lawoko
Summary: The study explored a novel cyclic extraction process for lignin to tailor its chemical and physical properties, demonstrating that the properties could be modified while maintaining a high percentage of common lignin inter-units. By adjusting extraction conditions, the content of beta-O-4 ' and various hydroxyl groups could be tuned. DSC studies indicated T(g)s in the range of 150-185 degrees C, with discussions on how these relate to the molecular properties of lignin.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Raghu Deshpande, Lars Sundvall, Hans Grundberg, Gunnar Henriksson, Martin Lawoko
Summary: During the pulping process, the molecular mechanisms of lignin recalcitrance include sulfonation, cleavage of lignin carbohydrate bonds, and condensation reactions of benzylic cations detected in lignosulfonates. These reaction sequences reveal the process of lignin dissolution.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Barbara Rietzler, Maria Karlsson, Isabella Kwan, Martin Lawoko, Monica Ek
Summary: The interest in and utilization of bark have increased, and an integrated bark biorefinery approach can be used to recover compounds for developing green alternatives. This study focuses on extracting lignin from Norway spruce bark via organosolv extraction. The extracted lignin has high quality, preserved structure, and potential for use in bio-based materials.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maria Karlsson, Joakim Romson, Thomas Elder, Asa Emmer, Martin Lawoko
Summary: There is a need for well-defined lignin macro-molecules in biomaterial and biochemical applications, leading to lignin biorefining efforts. Understanding the molecular structure of native and biorefinery lignins is crucial for extraction mechanisms and chemical properties. This study investigated the reactivity of lignin during a cyclic organosolv extraction process using physical protection strategies, providing insights into lignin polymerization and intramolecular condensation reactions. State-of-the-art NMR analysis and MALDI-TOF MS, along with computational modeling, were used for deeper lignin studies.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ioanna Sapouna, Gijs van Erven, Emelie Heidling, Martin Lawoko, Lauren Sara McKee
Summary: Understanding the structure of hardwoods can optimize the extraction of lignin, which has different structural features depending on the extraction method used. The presence of ether- and ester-type lignin-carbohydrate complexes also affects lignin extractability.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Iuliana Ribca, Benedikt Sochor, Stephan V. V. Roth, Martin Lawoko, Michael A. R. Meier, Mats Johansson
Summary: In this study, technical Kraft lignin was fractionated using a sequential solvent fractionation method, and then most of the hydroxyl groups were allylated to obtain highly functional thermoset resins. The lignin fractions exhibited a high degree of functionalization on phenolic (≥95%) and carboxylic acid (≥85%) hydroxyl groups, as well as a significant level of functionalization on aliphatic hydroxyl moieties (43-75%). Thiol-ene chemistry was employed to cross-link the resins, resulting in a high cross-link density due to the abundant allyl functionalities. The performance of these thermosets, with a glass transition temperature (T(g)) between 81 and 95 °C and a storage modulus between 1.9 and 3.8 GPa, was strongly influenced by the thioether content, which is directly related to the allyl content. Morphology at the nanoscale of the lignin fractions and lignin-based thermosets was investigated using wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements, revealing the presence of sandwich (4.1-4.7 Å) and T-shaped (5.5-7.2 Å) π-π stacking interactions. The introduction of allyl functionalities weakened the T-shaped π-π stacking interactions. A new signal, corresponding to a distance of approximately 3.5 Å, was observed in lignin-based thermosets, which was attributed to a thioether organized structure. Additionally, a lignin superstructure with a distance/size corresponding to 7.9-17.5 Å was observed in all samples.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ievgen. Pylypchuk, Maria Karlsson, Par A. Linden, Mikael. E. Lindstrom, Thomas Elder, Olena Sevastyanova, Martin Lawoko
Summary: Studies have found that the size of lignin nanoparticle (LNP) is determined by the molecular weight (M-w) of lignin. However, a deeper understanding of the role of molecular structure in LNP formation and its properties is needed to establish a solid foundation for structure-property relationships. This study demonstrates that, for lignins with similar M-w, the size and morphology of LNPs depend on the molecular structure of the lignin macromolecule. The molecular structure determines the molecular conformations, which in turn affect the inter-molecular assembly, resulting in differences in size and morphology between LNPs.
Correction
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Maria Karlsson, Vijaya Lakshmi Vegunta, Raghu Deshpande, Martin Lawoko
Summary: The article presents a study on protected lignin biorefining through cyclic extraction, gaining fundamental insights into the tunable properties of lignin using chemometrics.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Danila M. de Carvalho, Maarit H. Lahtinen, Mamata Bhattarai, Martin Lawoko, Kirsi S. Mikkonen
Summary: Hemicellulose-rich wood extracts play a crucial role in adsorption and stabilization at emulsion interfaces, with lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) enhancing their functionality. Understanding the structure of the interfacial region is important for designing extraction processes and exploring industrial applications.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ioanna Sapouna, Martin Lawoko
Summary: The mechanical milling of lignocellulose leads to lignin heterogeneity in ball milled fibers, with distinct populations of lignin carbohydrate complexes and pure lignin fractions identified. Advanced characterization techniques revealed the uneven distribution of mechanical energy in the process, which plays a central role in the origin of lignin heterogeneity. The study proposes a plant cell wall model and presents a complete mechanism of its disintegration during the milling exercise, providing valuable insights for future studies on lignocellulose based polymers.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yuxiao Cui, Xia Sheng, Prasaanth Ravi Anusuyadevi, Martin Lawoko, Anna J. Svagan
Summary: Lignin is a valuable bio-resource due to its high carbon content, phenolic structural units, abundance, and sustainability. This study explores the use of lignin in photocatalytic and self-propelling applications, demonstrating enhanced activity and new insights for effective solar photocatalysis.