Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Volume 13, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030264
Keywords
JEG3 cells; glyphosate-based herbicide; endocrine disruption; pesticide; co-formulant; aromatase
Funding
- University of Caen
- Comittee of Research and Independent Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN)
- Regional Council Ile de France
- Regional Council Rhone-Alpes
- JMG Foundation
- Foundation Lea Nature
- Nature Vivante
- Malongo
- Institute Bio Forschung Austria
- Ministry of Environment of Vienna
- Sustainable Food Alliance
- Hungarian Scientific Research Fund [OTKA K109865]
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Pesticide formulations contain declared active ingredients and co-formulants presented as inert and confidential compounds. We tested the endocrine disruption of co-formulants in six glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), the most used pesticides worldwide. All co-formulants and formulations were comparably cytotoxic well below the agricultural dilution of 1% (18-2000 times for co-formulants, 8-141 times for formulations), and not the declared active ingredient glyphosate (G) alone. The endocrine-disrupting effects of all these compounds were measured on aromatase activity, a key enzyme in the balance of sex hormones, below the toxicity threshold. Aromatase activity was decreased both by the co-formulants alone (polyethoxylated tallow amine-POEA and alkyl polyglucoside-APG) and by the formulations, from concentrations 800 times lower than the agricultural dilutions; while G exerted an effect only at 1/3 of the agricultural dilution. It was demonstrated for the first time that endocrine disruption by GBH could not only be due to the declared active ingredient but also to co-formulants. These results could explain numerous in vivo results with GBHs not seen with G alone; moreover, they challenge the relevance of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) value for GBHs exposures, currently calculated from toxicity tests of the declared active ingredient alone.
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