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Influenza

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2016)

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BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP

DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i6258

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MRC [MC_UU_12014/9] Funding Source: UKRI

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Influenza

Timothy M. Uyeki, David S. Hui, Maria Zambon, David E. Wentworth, Arnold S. Monto

Summary: Seasonal influenza caused by influenza A and B viruses is a significant global burden. Vaccination is the primary prevention measure, but novel influenza viruses still pose pandemic threats.

LANCET (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Influenza virus infection history shapes antibody responses to influenza vaccination

Maria Auladell, Hoang Vu Mai Phuong, Le Thi Quynh Mai, Yeu-Yang Tseng, Louise Carolan, Sam Wilks, Pham Quang Thai, David Price, Nguyen Thanh Duong, Nguyen Le Khang Hang, Le Thi Thanh, Nguyen Thi Hong Thuong, Tran Thi Kieu Huong, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Diep, Vu Thi Ngoc Bich, Arseniy Khvorov, Luca Hensen, Tran Nhu Duong, Katherine Kedzierska, Dang Duc Anh, Heiman Wertheim, Scott D. Boyd, Kim L. Good-Jacobson, Derek Smith, Ian Barr, Sheena Sullivan, H. Rogier van Doorn, Annette Fox

Summary: Recent prior influenza A infection enhances antibody responses to subsequent influenza vaccination and broadens the reactivity to different strains. Immunological memory induced by prior infection plays an important role in vaccine responses.

NATURE MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Multiscale influenza forecasting

Dave Osthus, Kelly R. Moran

Summary: Influenza forecasting in the United States is complex, but the multiscale flu forecasting model Dante has shown superior performance compared to other competitors, with sharper and more accurate forecasts that have potential for improving public health response. Dante's success in winning multiple competitions highlights its utility in seasonal disease forecasting with nested geographic scales of interest.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H3N2)-Related Illness in the United States During the 2021-2022 Influenza Season

Ashley M. Price, Brendan Flannery, H. Keipp Talbot, Carlos G. Grijalva, Karen J. Wernli, C. Hallie Phillips, Arnold S. Monto, Emily T. Martin, Edward A. Belongia, Huong Q. McLean, Manjusha Gaglani, Manohar Mutnal, Krissy Moehling Geffel, Mary Patricia Nowalk, Sara Y. Tartof, Ana Florea, Callie McLean, Sara S. Kim, Manish M. Patel, Jessie R. Chung

Summary: In the 2021-2022 season, influenza activity in the United States was mild enough to estimate the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine. Researchers found that the vaccine had an effectiveness of 36% against outpatient acute illness caused by A(H3N2) viruses.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Global influenza vaccination rates and factors associated with influenza vaccination

Can Chen, Xiaoxiao Liu, Danying Yan, Yuqing Zhou, Cheng Ding, Lu Chen, Lei Lan, Chenyang Huang, Daixi Jiang, Xiaobao Zhang, Zhou Guan, Xiaofang Fu, Yuxia Du, Yushi Lin, Changtai Zhu, Jie Wu, Lanjuan Li, Shigui Yang

Summary: The global influenza vaccination rates are generally low, especially in the general population. High-income countries/regions have significantly higher vaccination rates compared to middle-income countries/regions. Factors such as free vaccination policies, perception of vaccine efficacy, healthcare workers' recommendations, and vaccination history positively influence vaccine uptake.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Virology

Comparing Influenza Virus Biology for Understanding Influenza D Virus

Raegan M. Skelton, Victor C. Huber

Summary: This article reviews the known information about the host-pathogen interactions that limit the disease caused by influenza D virus (IDV). It focuses on the early immune interactions between the virus and infected host cells in IDV pathogenesis. This work establishes a foundation for further research on IDV infection and immunity in mammalian hosts.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Article Virology

Severe influenza virus infection in children admitted to the PICU: Comparison of influenza A and influenza B virus infection

Pinar Yazici ozkaya, Ese Eda Turanli, Hamdi Metin, Ayca Aydin Uysal, Candan cicek, Bulent Karapinar

Summary: This study aimed to identify the clinical features and mortality associated with severe influenza A and B virus infections in children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between 2012 and 2019. The study found that although the proportion of influenza A cases admitted to the PICU was higher, the percentage of cases requiring PICU admission was nearly two times higher in influenza B cases. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in disease severity and complications in patients with influenza A and influenza B.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Prenatal Influenza Vaccination or Influenza Infection and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring

Tracy A. Becerra-Culqui, Darios Getahun, Vicki Chiu, Lina S. Sy, Hung Fu Tseng

Summary: This study investigated the association between prenatal influenza vaccination or infection and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. The findings showed no association between prenatal influenza vaccination or infection and ASD risk in children.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Human seasonal influenza under COVID-19 and the potential consequences of influenza lineage elimination

Vijaykrishna Dhanasekaran, Sheena Sullivan, Kimberly M. Edwards, Ruopeng Xie, Arseniy Khvorov, Sophie A. Valkenburg, Benjamin J. Cowling, Ian G. Barr

Summary: Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, public health measures and travel restrictions have heavily suppressed global influenza circulation. The genetic diversity of seasonal influenza viruses has significantly decreased, with the influenza B/Yamagata lineage not conclusively detected. Travel restrictions have confined the circulation of different influenza viruses to specific regions, leading to a continuous decline in global transmission of seasonal influenza, except in select hotspots that may seed future epidemics. Additionally, the selection of influenza vaccine strains and epidemic control face challenges due to waning population immunity and sporadic case detection.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Obstetrics & Gynecology

Association Between Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy and Infant Influenza Vaccination

Fangjun Zhou, Megan C. Lindley, James T. T. Lee, Tara C. Jatlaoui

Summary: A retrospective analysis showed a positive and significant association between influenza vaccination during pregnancy and infant influenza vaccination. Infants born to vaccinated mothers had higher vaccination coverage compared to infants born to non-vaccinated mothers. Increasing influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant individuals may also increase infant vaccination coverage.

OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY (2023)

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Article Immunology

Modeling the Impacts of Clinical Influenza Testing on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Estimates

Leora R. Feldstein, Jill M. Ferdinands, Wesley H. Self, Adrienne G. Randolph, Michael Aboodi, Adrienne H. Baughman, Samuel M. Brown, Matthew C. Exline, D. Clark Files, Kevin Gibbs, Adit A. Ginde, Michelle N. Gong, Carlos G. Grijalva, Natasha Halasa, Akram Khan, Christopher J. Lindsell, Margaret Newhams, Ithan D. Peltan, Matthew E. Prekker, Todd W. Rice, Nathan I. Shapiro, Jay Steingrub, H. Keipp Talbot, M. Elizabeth Halloran, Manish Patel

Summary: This study simulated data to estimate potential biases in influenza vaccine effectiveness when using clinical testing. The results showed that bias in testing would have to be substantial and overall proportion of patients tested would have to be small to result in a meaningful difference in vaccine effectiveness estimation.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

The Nicaraguan Pediatric Influenza Cohort Study, 2011-2019: Influenza Incidence, Seasonality, and Transmission

Hannah E. Maier, Guillermina Kuan, Lionel Gresh, Gerardo Chowell, Kevin Bakker, Roger Lopez, Nery Sanchez, Brenda Lopez, Amy Schiller, Sergio Ojeda, Eva Harris, Angel Balmaseda, Aubree Gordon

Summary: This study provides important information for understanding influenza epidemiology and informing influenza vaccine policy. Infants born during influenza epidemics were protected from infection that first year. The mean effective reproduction number across years was 1.2.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Article Immunology

Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine for Preventing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations in Immunocompromised Adults

Kailey Hughes, Donald B. Middleton, Mary Patricia Nowalk, Goundappa K. Balasubramani, Emily T. Martin, Manjusha Gaglani, H. Keipp Talbot, Manish M. Patel, Jill M. Ferdinands, Richard K. Zimmerman, Fernanda P. Silveira

Summary: This study evaluated the vaccine effectiveness against influenza hospitalization among immunocompromised adults during the 2017-2018 influenza season. The results showed that while immunocompromised adults had a higher vaccination rate, their protection against influenza was lower, with a vaccine effectiveness of 33% in the overall adult population. Further research is needed to assess vaccine effectiveness among different immunocompromising conditions and explore ways to improve effectiveness for immunocompromised individuals.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Virology

A Review on Equine Influenza from a Human Influenza Perspective

Fleur Whitlock, Pablo R. Murcia, J. Richard Newton

Summary: This review provides comprehensive information on equine influenza virus (EIV), including virology, pathogenesis, immune responses, clinical aspects, epidemiology, surveillance, and preventive measures. It compares EIV with human influenza viruses and discusses similarities and differences between the two. The review also describes control strategies for EIV, including surveillance networks and vaccination.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Anomalous influenza seasonality in the United States and the emergence of novel influenza B viruses

Rebecca K. Borchering, Christian E. Gunning, Deven Gokhale, K. Bodie Weedop, Arash Saeidpour, Tobias S. Brett, Pejman Rohani

Summary: The 2019/2020 influenza season in the United States started earlier than any season since the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, with influenza B cases dominating numerically in the early stages. The expansion of a new strain of influenza B may be associated with the shift in the season's composition and dynamics. Support was found for an increase in the effective reproduction number of influenza B, rather than cross-type immunity-driven dynamics, which has implications for vaccination strategies.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Transplantation

Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study

Michael K. Sullivan, Jennifer S. Lees, Thomas M. Drake, Annemarie B. Docherty, Georgia Oates, Hayley E. Hardwick, Clark D. Russell, Laura Merson, Jake Dunning, Jonathan S. Nguyen-Van-Tam, Peter Openshaw, Ewen M. Harrison, J. Kenneth Baillie, Malcolm G. Semple, Antonia Ho, Patrick B. Mark

Summary: This study investigated the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and found that AKI was common and associated with an increased risk of mortality. Chronic kidney disease, male sex, and Black race were identified as main risk factors for AKI and acute kidney replacement therapy.

NEPHROLOGY DIALYSIS TRANSPLANTATION (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

1H NMR Signals from Urine Excreted Protein Are a Source of Bias in Probabilistic Quotient Normalization

Goncalo D. S. Correia, Panteleimon G. Takis, Caroline J. Sands, Anna M. Kowalka, Tricia Tan, Lance Turtle, Antonia Ho, Malcolm G. Semple, Peter J. M. Openshaw, J. Kenneth Baillie, Zoltan Takats, Matthew R. Lewis

Summary: The study highlights proteinuria as a common yet overlooked source of bias in H-1 NMR metabolic profiling studies, which can be effectively mitigated using SMolESY or other macromolecular signal suppression methods before estimation of normalization coefficients.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Utility of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and digital chest radiography for the diagnosis and treatment of TB in people living with HIV: a randomised controlled trial (XACT-TB)

Madalo Mukoka, Hussein H. Twabi, Chisomo Msefula, Robina Semphere, Gabriel Ndhlovu, Trancizeo Lipenga, Tionge Daston Sikwese, Kenneth Malisita, Augustine Choko, Elizabeth L. Corbett, Peter MacPherson, Marriott Nliwasa

Summary: This study investigated the use of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra in combination with chest radiography for TB diagnosis in HIV positive individuals. The results showed that Xpert Ultra performed similarly to Xpert MTB/RIF, and chest radiography is useful for TB screening. However, further research is needed to reduce false-positive treatment initiations.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2023)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Outcome of COVID-19 in hospitalised immunocompromised patients: An analysis of the WHO ISARIC CCP-UK prospective cohort study

Lance D. Turtle, Mathew Thorpe, Thomas Drake, Maaike G. Swets, Carlo Palmieri, Clark I. Russell, Antonia E. Ho, Stephen Aston, Daniel Wootton, Alex Richter, Thushan M. de Silva, Hayley Hardwick, Gary G. Leeming, Andy B. Law, Peter J. M. Openshaw, Ewen Harrison, J. Kenneth Baillie, Malcolm Semple, Annemarie Docherty

Summary: Immunocompromised patients have a higher risk of in-hospital death from COVID-19 compared to immunocompetent patients. The risk of death for immunocompromised patients decreases at a slower rate as the pandemic progresses, especially for older age groups. Targeted measures should be taken to protect and treat this vulnerable patient group.

PLOS MEDICINE (2023)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2-specific nasal IgA wanes 9 months after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and is not induced by subsequent vaccination

Felicity Liew, Shubha Talwar, Andy Cross, Brian J. Willett, Sam Scott, Nicola Logan, Matthew K. Siggins, Dawid Swieboda, Jasmin K. Sidhu, Claudia Efstathiou, Shona C. Moore, Chris Davis, Noura Mohamed, Jose Nunag, Clara King, A. A. Roger Thompson, Sarah L. Rowland-Jones, Annemarie B. Docherty, James D. Chalmers, Ling-Pei Ho, Alexander Horsley, Betty Raman, Krisnah Poinasamy, Michael Marks, Onn Min Kon, Luke Howard, Daniel G. Wootton, Susanna Dunachie, Jennifer K. Quint, Rachael A. Evans, Louise V. Wain, Sara Fontanella, Thushan I. de Silva, Antonia Ho, Ewen Harrison, J. Kenneth Baillie, Malcolm G. Semple, Christopher Brightling, Ryan S. Thwaites, Lance Turtle, Peter J. M. Openshaw

Summary: This study examined the nasal and plasma antibody responses in COVID-19 hospitalized patients one year after discharge and vaccination. The findings showed sustained elevated antibody responses in both nasal and plasma samples for at least 12 months, but the nasal antibody response was minimally influenced by vaccination. These findings highlight the importance of developing vaccines that enhance nasal immunity.

EBIOMEDICINE (2023)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Omicron B.1.1.529 variant infections associated with severe disease are uncommon in a COVID-19 under-vaccinated, high SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence population in Malawi

Upendo L. Mseka, Jonathan Mandolo, Kenneth Nyoni, Oscar Divala, Dzinkambani Kambalame, Daniel Mapemba, Moses Kamzati, Innocent Chibwe, Marc Y. R. Henrion, Kingsley Manda, Deus Thindwa, Memory Mvula, Bright Odala, Raphael Kamng'ona, Nelson Dzinza, Khuzwayo C. Jere, Nicholas Feasey, Antonia Ho, Abena S. Amoah, Melita Gordon, Todd D. Swarthout, Amelia Crampin, Robert S. Heyderman, Matthew Kagoli, Evelyn Chitsa-Banda, Collins Mitambo, John Phuka, Benson Chilima, Watipaso Kasambara, Kondwani C. Jambo, Annie Chauma-Mwale

Summary: A study conducted in Malawi found that the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is high among the population, but the COVID-19 vaccination coverage is low. Vaccinated individuals have higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies compared to the unvaccinated. Additionally, there was a reduction in hospitalizations and deaths during the Omicron variant wave in Malawi.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2023)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Characteristics and outcomes of an international cohort of 600000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Christiana Kartsonaki, J. Kenneth Baillie, Noelia Garcia Barrio, Joaquin Baruch, Abigail Beane, Lucille Blumberg, Fernando Bozza, Tessa Broadley, Aidan Burrell, Gail Carson, Barbara Wanjiru Citarella, Andrew Dagens, Emmanuelle A. Dankwa, Christl A. Donnelly, Jake Dunning, Loubna Elotmani, Martina Escher, Nataly Farshait, Jean-Christophe Goffard, Bronner P. Goncalves, Matthew Hall, Madiha Hashmi, Benedict Sim Lim Heng, Antonia Ho, Waasila Jassat, Miguel Pedrera Jimenez, Cedric Laouenan, Samantha Lissauer, Ignacio Martin-Loeches, France Mentre, Laura Merson, Ben Morton, Daniel Munblit, Nikita A. Nekliudov, Alistair D. Nichol, Budha Charan Singh Oinam, David Ong, Prasan Kumar Panda, Michele Petrovic, Mark G. Pritchard, Nagarajan Ramakrishnan, Grazielle Viana Ramos, Claire Roger, Oana Sandulescu, Malcolm G. Semple, Pratima Sharma, Louise Sigfrid, Emily C. Somers, Anca Streinu-Cercel, Fabio Taccone, Pavan Kumar Vecham, Bharath Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan, Jia Wei, Evert-Jan Wils, Xin Ci Wong, Peter Horby, Amanda Rojek, Piero L. Olliaro, Ali Abbas

Summary: This study analyzed demographic features, treatments, and clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in 52 countries from January 2020 to January 2022. Age and male sex were associated with a higher risk of death. Symptoms, co-morbidities, and treatments were associated with clinical outcomes. This comprehensive international study provides valuable information for prioritizing treatment for COVID-19 patients at higher risk of death.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Adeno-associated virus 2 infection in children with non-A-E hepatitis

Antonia Ho, Richard Orton, Rachel Tayler, Patawee Asamaphan, Vanessa Herder, Chris Davis, Lily Tong, Katherine Smollett, Maria Manali, Jay Allan, Konrad Rawlik, Sarah E. McDonald, Elen Vink, Louisa Pollock, Louise Gannon, Clair Evans, Jim McMenamin, Kirsty Roy, Kimberly Marsh, Titus Divala, Matthew T. G. Holden, Michael Lockhart, David Yirrell, Sandra Currie, Maureen O'Leary, David Henderson, Samantha J. Shepherd, Celia Jackson, Rory Gunson, Alasdair MacLean, Neil McInnes, Amanda Bradley-Stewart, Richard Battle, Jill A. Hollenbach, Paul Henderson, Miranda Odam, Primrose Chikowore, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Meera Chand, Melissa Shea Hamilton, Diego Estrada-Rivadeneyra, Michael Levin, Nikos Avramidis, Erola Pairo-Castineira, Veronique Vitart, Craig Wilkie, Massimo Palmarini, Surajit Ray, David L. Robertson, Ana da Silva Filipe, Brian J. Willett, Judith Breuer, Malcolm G. Semple, David Turner, J. Kenneth Baillie, Emma C. Thomson

Summary: An investigation found a possible association between AAV2 infection and host genetics in a recent outbreak of acute hepatitis in children in Scotland. The study used various methods to detect AAV2 infection in plasma and liver samples, and identified pathological features related to the virus in liver biopsy samples.

NATURE (2023)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Transmission modeling to infer tuberculosis incidence prevalence and mortality in settings with generalized HIV epidemics

Peter J. Dodd, Debebe Shaweno, Chu-Chang Ku, Philippe Glaziou, Carel Pretorius, Richard J. Hayes, Peter MacPherson, Ted Cohen, Helen Ayles

Summary: Accurately estimating the burden of tuberculosis in high HIV prevalence areas is challenging. The authors developed a new age-structured TB transmission model that incorporates evolving demographic, HIV and antiretroviral therapy effects. By including Bayesian methods and accounting for uncertainty, they estimated age-specific annual risks of TB infection and the proportion resulting from recent infection.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2023)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Correlates of prior HIV testing and schistosomiasis treatment: Baseline survey findings from the creating demand for fishermen's schistosomiasis HIV services (FISH) cluster-randomized trial in Mangochi, Malawi

Geoffrey Kangogo, Donaldson F. Conserve, Sekeleghe Kayuni, Moses K. Kumwenda, Kathryn L. Dovel, James Chirombo, Peter MacPherson, Elizabeth L. Corbett, Anthony Butterworth, Augustine Talumba Choko

Summary: This study aimed to characterize the knowledge of HIV and schistosomiasis among fishermen in fishing villages on the shores of southern Lake Malawi. The findings showed low knowledge of HIV status and low utilization of free schistosomiasis treatment, but high willingness to attend integrated HIV and schistosomiasis services.

PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (2023)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses associate with sex, age and disease severity in previously uninfected people admitted to hospital with COVID-19: An ISARIC4C prospective study

Eleanor Parker, Jordan Thomas, Kelly J. Roper, Samreen Ijaz, Tansy Edwards, Federica Marchesin, Ksenia Katsanovskaja, Lauren Lett, Christopher Jones, Hayley E. Hardwick, Chris Davis, Elen Vink, Sarah E. McDonald, Shona C. Moore, Steve Dicks, Keerthana Jegatheesan, Nicola J. Cook, Joshua Hope, Peter Cherepanov, Myra O. McClure, J. Kenneth Baillie, Peter J. M. Openshaw, Lance Turtle, Antonia Ho, Malcolm G. Semple, William A. Paxton, Richard S. Tedder, Georgios Pollakis

Summary: This study found discernible differences in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection based on age, sex, and disease severity. Older males exhibited delayed and lower antibody levels compared to females, while younger individuals exhibited the opposite pattern. The results also indicate a correlation between antibody levels and viral replication and shedding.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Adjudicated myocarditis and multisystem illness trajectory in healthcare workers post-COVID-19

Robert Sykes, Andrew J. Morrow, Alex McConnachie, Anna Kamdar, C. Bagot, Hannah Bayes, Kevin G. Blyth, Michael Briscoe, Heeraj Bulluck, David Carrick, Colin Church, David Corcoran, C. Delles, Iain Findlay, Vivienne B. Gibson, Lynsey Gillespie, Douglas Grieve, Pauline Hall Barrientos, Antonia Ho, N. N. Lang, David J. Lowe, Vera Lennie, Peter MacFarlane, Kaithlin J. Mayne, Patrick Mark, Alasdair McIntosh, Ross McGeoch, Christopher McGinley, Connor Mckee, Sabrina Nordin, Alexander Payne, Alastair Rankin, Keith E. Robertson, Nicola Ryan, Giles H. Roditi, Naveed Sattar, David B. Stobo, Sarah Allwood-Spiers, Rhian Touyz, Gruschen Veldtman, Sarah Weeden, Stuart Watkins, Paul Welsh, Ryan Wereski, Kenneth Mangion, Colin Berry

Summary: This study investigated the associations of healthcare worker status with multisystem illness trajectory in hospitalized post-COVID-19 individuals. The results showed that healthcare workers had similar age, gender, and cardiovascular risk compared to non-healthcare workers, but had lower acute inflammation, milder illness severity, and shorter duration of hospital admission. Healthcare worker status was independently associated with the likelihood of myocarditis. Healthcare workers also had a higher rate of secondary care referrals.

OPEN HEART (2023)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Characterizing the evolving SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in urban and rural Malawi between February 2021 and April 2022: A population-based cohort study

Louis Banda, Antonia Ho, Stephen Kasenda, Jonathan M. Read, Chris Jewell, Alison Price, Estelle Mclean, Albert Dube, David Chaima, Lyson Samikwa, Tonney S. Nyirenda, Ellen C. Hughes, Brian J. Willett, Annie Chauma Mwale, Abena S. Amoah, Amelia Crampin

Summary: This study investigated the changing SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and associated health and sociodemographic factors in Malawi between February 2021 and April 2022.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Meeting Abstract Immunology

Enhanced tuberculosis screening using computer-aided X-ray diagnosis and novel point of care urine lipoarabinomannan assay among adults with HIV admitted to hospital (CASTLE study): a cluster randomised trial

R. Burke, S. Nyirenda, H. Twabi, M. Nliwasa, E. Joekes, N. Walker, R. Nyirenda, A. Gupta-Wright, K. Fielding, P. MacPherson, E. Corbett

JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY (2022)

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Article Respiratory System

Prospective validation of the 4C prognostic models for adults hospitalised with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol

Stephen R. Knight, Rishi K. Gupta, Antonia Ho, Riinu Pius, Iain Buchan, Gail Carson, Thomas M. Drake, Jake Dunning, Cameron J. Fairfield, Carrol Gamble, Christopher A. Green, Sophie Halpin, Hayley E. Hardwick, Karl A. Holden, Peter W. Horby, Clare Jackson, Kenneth A. Mclean, Laura Merson, Jonathan S. Nguyen-Van-Tam, Lisa Norman, Piero L. Olliaro, Mark G. Pritchard, Clark D. Russell, Catherine A. Shaw, Aziz Sheikh, Tom Solomon, Cathie Sudlow, Olivia Swann, Lance C. W. Turtle, Peter J. M. Openshaw, J. Kenneth Baillie, Annemarie Docherty, Malcolm G. Semple, Mahdad Noursadeghi, Ewen M. Harrison

Summary: This study prospectively validated two risk scores for predicting mortality and in-hospital deterioration among adults hospitalized with COVID-19 in the UK. The 4C Mortality and 4C Deterioration scores demonstrated consistent discrimination across all NHS regions and stable calibration during the second wave of the pandemic. These risk stratification models can continue to inform clinical decision making for COVID-19 patients.

THORAX (2022)

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