Journal
VIRUS GENES
Volume 52, Issue 6, Pages 780-788Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1364-4
Keywords
DHAV; 2A2(pro); GTPase-like protein; Apoptosis
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31472223]
- China Agricultural Research System [CARS-43-8]
- Integration and Demonstration of Key Technologies for Duck Industrial in Sichuan Province [2014NZ0030]
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Duck hepatitis A virus type 1, (DHAV-1) 2A2(pro), is one of the most highly conserved viral proteins within the DHAV serotypes. However, its effect on host cells is unclear. We predicted that DHAV-1 2A2(pro) was a GTPase-like protein based on the results of multiple sequence alignment and homologous modeling analysis. Upon transfection of a recombinant plasmid expressing DHAV-1 2A2, cells displayed fragmented nuclei, chromatin condensation, oligonucleosome-sized DNA ladder, and positive terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling staining; hence, cell death has the characteristics of apoptosis. By staining cells with fluorescein Annexin V-FITC and PI, it is possible to distinguish and quantitatively analyze nonapoptotic cells, early apoptotic cells, late apoptotic/necrotic cells, and dead cells through flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The percentage of apoptotic cells gradually increased and reached a maximum after 48 h of transfection. In conclusion, apoptosis induced by this GTPase-like protein may contribute to DHAV-1 pathogenesis.
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