Journal
SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Volume 25, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/25/10/10LT02
Keywords
hydrogels; ionoprinting; actuators; sequential actuation; selective redox
Funding
- EPSRC [EP/M002489/2, EP/M002489/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [1236849, EP/M002489/2, EP/M002489/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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The programmable sequential actuation of two-dimensional hydrogel membranes into three-dimensional folded architectures has been achieved by combining ionoprinting and redox chemistry; this methodology permits the programmed evolution of complex architectures triggered through localized out-of-plane deformations. In our study we describe a soft actuator which utilizes ionoprinting of iron and vanadium, with the selective reduction of iron through a mild reducing agent, to achieve chemically controlled sequential folding. Through the optimization of solvent polarity and ionoprinting variables (voltage, duration and anode composition), we have shown how the actuation pathways, rate-of-movement and magnitude of angular rotation can be controlled for the design of a 4D sequential actuator.
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