Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 565, Issue -, Pages 511-518Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.184
Keywords
Leaching; Antimony; Drinking water; PET; Health risk assessment
Categories
Funding
- School of Chemistry of the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon
- National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACyT) [167372, 1779 90]
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The leaching of antimony (Sb) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottling material was assessed in twelve brands of bottled water purchased in Mexican supermarkets by atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a hydride generation system (HG-AFS). Dowex (R) 1X8-100 ion-exchange resin was used to preconcentrate trace amounts of Sb in water samples. Migration experiments from the PET bottle material were performed in water according to the following storage conditions: 1) temperature (25 and 75 degrees C), 2) pH (3 and 7) and 3) exposure time (5 and 15 days), using ultrapure water as a simulant for liquid foods. The test conditions were studied by a 23 factorial experimental design. The Sb concentration measured in the PET packaging materials varied between 73.0 and 111.3 mg/kg. The Sb concentration (0.28-2.30 mu g/L) in all of the PET bottled drinking water samples examined at the initial stage of the study was below the maximum contaminant level of 5 mu g/L prescribed by European Union (EU) regulations. The parameters studied (pH, temperature, and storage time) significantly affected the release of Sb, with temperature having the highest positive significant effect within the studied experimental domain. The highest Sb concentration leached from PET containers was in water samples at pH 7 stored at 75 degrees C for a period of 5 days. The extent of Sb leaching from the PET ingredients for different brands of drinking water can differ by as much as one order of magnitude in experiments conducted under the worst-case conditions. The chronic daily intake (CDI) caused by the release of Sb in one brand exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulated CDI value of 400 ng/kg/day, with values of 514.3 and 566.2 ng/kg/day for adults and children. Thus, the appropriate selection of the polymer used for the production of PET bottles seems to ensure low Sb levels in water samples. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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