Widening the scope: linking coastal sedimentation with watershed dynamics in Java, Indonesia

Watershed processes and their effects on coasts are shaped by numerous interacting natural and societal factors. The knowledge of these factors and processes is often limited. This makes the field prone to politicisations with debates, research, and interventions being confined to a few selected factors. Debates on the causes of high river sediment loads and coastal sedimentation in Java have focussed on rainfed agriculture on peasants' private lands, while other drivers have been neglected. This has undermined the effectiveness of watershed management. This paper links the sedimentation of the Segara Anakan lagoon on Java's south coast with landscape characteristics and transformations in its catchment. Three-fourths of the lagoon have silted up since 1857/60. This is the result of a much broader range of drivers than commonly assumed to date. In addition to rainfed agriculture on peasants' private lands, these drivers include coffee cultivation, timber extraction, plantation development, and in-migration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century; erosion on contested state forest and plantation lands; state forest management practices; slope cuts to enlarge agricultural fields; agriculture in riparian zones; erosion from roads, trails, and settlements; river channel and floodplain modifications; and volcanic eruptions. The choice and expectations of societal responses aimed at reducing river sediment loads and coastal sedimentation hence need to be reconsidered, and related debates and research agendas must be broadened.